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Biochem 6200 Furci > Furci > Flashcards

Furci Flashcards

1
Q

In Carnatine Shuttle, Fatty acyl-CoA is too _____ and _____ to penetrate the _____ membrane

A

Large
Polar
Inner

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2
Q

In Carnatine Shuttle, FA is transferred from CoA to ______ by _________ in the _______ membrane

A

Carnatine
Carnatine palmitoyl transferase I (CPT-I)
Outer

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3
Q

In carnatine shuttle, _______ translocase in inner membrane transfers free ______ and __________ in opposite directions

A

Antiport
Carnatine
Acyl-carnitine

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4
Q

In carnatine shuttle, ______ regenerates fatty ________, releasing carnatine

A

CPT-II

Acyl-CoA

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5
Q

Where does B-oxidation of fatty acids occur?

A

In the mitochondria

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6
Q

In B-Oxidation, carbons are released ____ at a time from the ______ end

A

2

Carboxyl

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7
Q

During B-oxidation of Saturated EVEN chain fatty acids, produces ________ and ______ and _______

A

Acetyl-CoA
FADH2
NADH

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8
Q

Where do the products of B-oxidation of EVEN chain fatty acids go?

A

Acetyl-CoA goes to the TCA cycle

FADH2 and NADH go to the ETC

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9
Q

What are the 4 steps of B-oxidation of saturated EVEN chain fatty acids

A
  1. Dehydrogenation
  2. Hydration (reduction)
  3. Dehydrogenation
  4. Carbon-Carbon clevage
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10
Q

What is the function of the family of enzymes known as Fatty Acid Dehydrogenase?

A

Chain-length specificity for short, medium, and long chain fatty acids

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11
Q

What types of FA undergo B-oxidation in the peroxisomes?

A

Long, very long, and branched chain FAs

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12
Q

What is the name of the family enzyme that allows for B-oxidation in peroxisomes?

A

Peroxisomal Enzymes

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13
Q

Peroxisomal enzymes cannot oxidize what types of FAs

A

Short-chain

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14
Q

The reduced nucleotide, ______, that is produced during B-oxidation in peroxisomes, is oxidized by molecular oxygen to produce ________.

A

FADH2

H2O2

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15
Q

Describe the geometry changes which occur during B-oxidation of UNsaturated even chain FAs

A

Double bonds have CIS geometry that must be changed to TRANS geometry

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16
Q

B-oxidation of Saturated ODD chain FAs is just like that of EVEN chained FAs except for what?

A

Acetyl-CoA AND PROPINOYL-CoA (by last thiolase reaction) are BOTH released

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17
Q

For oxidation of Branched chain FAs, the B-carbon is at the ______ point and cannot be oxidized to a ______

A

Branch

Ketone

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18
Q

During oxidation of Branched Chain FAs, they must ungergo ____-oxidation to ____ _____ releasing _______

A

alpha
pristanic acid
CO2

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19
Q

Following the release of CO2 during a-oxidation of Branch Chain FAs, the is a subsequent _______ release of _______ and ________

A

Alternating
Acetyl-CoA
Propinyl-CoA

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20
Q

Ketogenesis is the generation of _____ ______ from ________

A

Ketone bodies

Acetyl-CoA

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21
Q

During Ketogenesis, there is a _______ in blood plasma during times of _______ and _________

A

Increase
Fasting
Starvation

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22
Q

Ketogenesis releases free _____ for _________

A

CoA

B-oxidation

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23
Q

In ketogenesis, there is the bothe the synthesis, as well as the decomposition of _________

A

Hydroxymethylglutaryl (HMG)-CoA

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24
Q

During Ketogenesis, what three products are made?

A

Acetoacetate
B-Hydroxybutyrate
Acetone

25
Q

What is another name for Lipogenesis

A

Fatty Acid Synthesis

26
Q

What are the 2 sources of Fatty Acids

A

Diet

De novo synthesis (lipogenesis)

27
Q

When is Lipogenesis (FA synthesis) active?

A

During times of excess energy intake (eg carbohydrates)

28
Q

FA synthesis is linked to Glucose Metabolism through what?

A

Pentose Phosphate Pathway

29
Q

During lipogenesis (FA synthesis), carbohydrates are converted to ______ _____ in the _____, and are stored as ______ in the _____ ______

A

Fatty acids
Liver
Triglycerides
Adipose Tissue

30
Q

_____ (NOT _____ _______) is the main lipogenic organ

A

Liver

Adipose Tissue

31
Q

During lipogenesis (FA synthesis), FA are synthesized from _____ in _____ number of stages: ________ and _______

A

Acetyl-CoA
2
Formation and Elongation

32
Q

During the first stage of Lipogenesis, we see the formation of _______ from acetyl-CoA by the enzyme _______

A

Malonyl-CoA

Acetyl-CoA corboxylase

33
Q

During the second stage of Lipogenesis, we see the elongation in ____-carbon increments by the enzyme _______

A

2

Fatty Acid Synthase

34
Q

During lipogenesis, acetyl-CoA Carboxylase requires what helper?

A

Carboxylated Biotin

35
Q

During lipogenesis, the enzyme ________ functions to transfer a carboxyl group to _______ to produce ________

A

Transcarboxylase
Acetyl-CoA
Malonyl-CoA

36
Q

During lipogenesis, Acetyl-CoA Carboxylase requires ______/_______ (from TCA cycle) for polymerization to active form

A

Citrate/Isocitrate

37
Q

In lipogenesis, Acetyl-CoA caboxylase is inhibited by ___________, which is its ________

A

Polmitoyl-CoA

end-product

38
Q

In lipogenesis, caboxylation of Acetyl-CoA to ______ commits to ____ _____ _____

A

Malonyl-CoA

Fatty Acid Synthesis

39
Q

What enzyme playing a central role in the 2nd step (elongation) of FA synthesis

A

Fatty Acid Synthase

40
Q

In the elongation step of lipogenesis, the multienzyme complex is a _____ of identical polypeptides arranged _____-__-_____

A

Dimer

Head-to-Tail

41
Q

In the elongation step of lipogenesis, the multienzyme complex has _____ distinct enzyme activities (on each monomer) and an ____ ____ _____ that replaces CoA as the entity binds to the _______ _____ ______ _____

A

7
Acyl Carrier Protein (ACP)
Elongating Fatty Acid Chain

42
Q

In the elongation step of lipogenesis, a long ______ group acts as a long flexible arm

A

Pantetheine

43
Q

During the elongation step of lipogenesis, the priming of ______ group with Acetyl-CoA is followed by ________ with Malonyl-CoA, causing ______ to leave

A

Cysteine (Cys-SH)
Condensation
CO2

44
Q

What are the three processes that occur during the elongation stage of FA synthesis

A

Reduction, Dehydration, Reduction

45
Q

During the elongation step of lipogenesis (FA synthesis), the complex is transfered from ____ to ______

A

ACP

Cys-SH group

46
Q

How many times is the elongation stage reaction sequence repeated?

A

7x total

47
Q

What is the greatest size of fatty acid molecule that can be made during the elongation stage of Fatty Acid synthesis?

A

16- carbons, Palmitate

48
Q

What is the role of Fatty Acid Elongase in the elongation of fatty acids

A

In the ER, elongation is carried out by fatty acid elongase (multienzyme complex)

49
Q

The enzyme Fatty Acid Elongase adds ___-carbon fragments from ______ during the elongation phase of fatty acid synthesis

A

2

malonyl-CoA

50
Q

In the Desaturase System of Fatty Acid Synthesis, desaturation requires _____, _____, and ______.

A

Oxygen
NADH
cytochrome b5

51
Q

Where does the Desaturase System occur during fatty acid synthesis

A

ER

52
Q

In the desaturase system of fatty acid synthesis, it is not possible to introduce double bonds between carbon atoms beyond _______-__ and the __

A

carbon-9

w (omega) = terminal methyl group

53
Q

w-3 (linolenic acid) and w-6 (linoleic acid) or precursors, must be supplied by _____ for the synthesis of ________

A

Diet (vegetable oil, oily fish)

Eicosanoids (C-20 fatty acids)

54
Q

What is the purpose of the Malate Shuttle

A

Because Acetyl-CoA cannot freely cross the inner mitochondrial membrane, and fatty acid synthesis only will occur in the cytosol, the malate shuttle is needed to allow transfer or 2-carbon units from the mitochondria to the cytosol

55
Q

In the 1st step of the Malate Shuttle, ________ is decarboxylated to _______ in mitochondria

A

Pyruvate

Acetyl-CoA

56
Q

In the 2nd step of the Malate Shuttle, acetyl-CoA reacts with oxaloacetate to form ______ in the mitochondria

A

Citrate

57
Q

In the 3rd step of the Malate Shuttle, Citrate translocates to the cytosol via the _____-______ _______ with the transfer of ______ into the mitochondrion

A

malate-citrate antiporter

Malate

58
Q

In the 4th step of Malate Shuttle, citrate is cleaved into ______ and ______ in cytosol

A

Acetyl-CoA

Oxaloacetate

59
Q

In the final step of the Malate Shuttle, the enzyme _______ converts acetyl-CoA into ________ for the synthesis of fatty acids

A

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase

Malonyl-CoA

Biochem 6200 Furci (8 decks)

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