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x2 - Second Year Misc. > Sticky note cards > Flashcards

Sticky note cards Flashcards

1
Q

LFTs in liver damage

A

low albumin
low platelet count
high prothrombin time
high creatinine

high Gamma GT (ALD)

ALT > AST (NAFLD)
AST > ALT (ALD)
high ALT + AST (viral hepatitis)

+always do an USS + biopsy

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2
Q

parasympathetic alimentary innervation

A

anterior and posterior vagal trunks

pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-4)

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3
Q

sympathetic alimentary innervation

A

abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (greater, lesser, least)
prevertebral sympathetic ganglia
abdominal aortic plexuses

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4
Q

innervation of visceral and parietal peritoneum

A

visceral: autonomic nerves
parietal: T7-L1

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5
Q

innervation of abdominal muscles

A

internal oblique + tranversus abdominis: T7-L1

external oblique + rectus abdominis: T7-T12

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6
Q

Cushing’s Reflex

A

(in response to increased ICP)

hypertension
irregular breathing
bradycardia

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7
Q

actions of tongue muscles

A

Hyoglossus: depresses
Genioglossus: protrudes to other side
Styloglossus: retracts and curls sides
Palatoglossus: elevated posterior part

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8
Q

Reflexes controlled by ventromedial pathways

A

Tectospinal tract - static reflex
Vestibulospinal tract - tonic labyrinthine reflexes
pontine + medullary reticulospinal tracts - dynamic righting reflexes

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9
Q

Adelta fibres

A

Fast pain - nociception

medium diameter, lightly myelinated

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10
Q

C fibres

A

Slow pain - non-noxious temperature and itch

small diameter, unmyelinated

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11
Q

Aalpha and Abeta fibres

A

proprioception and light touch

large diameter, myelinated

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12
Q

H. pylori triple therapy

A

Clarithromycin
Metronidazole
PPI

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13
Q

Causes of ascites

A

portal hypertension
renal hypoperfusion
low plasma albumin

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14
Q

Type 2 diabetes drugs

A

Metformin
Sulphonylureas

Thiazoladinediones (pioglitazone)
DPP-IV inhibitors (-gliptans)
SGLT inhibitors (-gliflozins)
GLP-1 analogues (-atides)
insulin
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15
Q

NSAIDs are nephrotoxic as they…

A

decrease synthesis of renal vasodilator prostaglandins

–> decreased renal blood flow

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16
Q

Chronic epilepsy management

A

Sodium valproate
Lamotrigine
Levetiracetam
Carbamazepine

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17
Q

Monro-Kelly doctrine

A

when a new intracranial mass is introduced, a compensatory decrease in venous blood/ CSF volume takes place to keep intracranial volume constant.

at a critical volume, compensatory mechanisms are exhausted and ICP increases

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18
Q

Calculation for cerebral perfusion pressure

A

CPP = MAP - ICP

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19
Q

Immediate management of increased ICP (>15mmHg)

A

Elevate head of bed (facilitates venous return)
Hypertonic saline (shifts H2O out of brain)
Hyperventilation ( temporarily decreases cerebral blood flow - dependant on PCO2)
Induce barbiturate coma (decreases cerebral metabolism and therefore blood flow
Surgical decompression

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20
Q

Pus in anterior chamber

A

Hypopyon

in anterior uveitis

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21
Q

Action of VegF

A

increases capillary permeability

anti-VegF decreases permeability

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22
Q

the only cranial nerve that decussates

A

IV (trochlear)

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23
Q

Glaucoma management

A

General:
b-blockers (timolol) + carbonic anhydrase - both decrease AH production

POAG: Prostaglandin (increases AH outflow), laser trabeculoplasty, surgical trabeculotomy

Angle closure: dexamethasone, pilocarpine (constrictor), laser irridotomy

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24
Q

GCS

A 
EYES OPEN:
4 = spontaneous
3 = to speech
2 = to pain
3 = none
VERBAL:
5 = oriented
4 = confused
3 = words
2 = sounds
1 = none
MOTOR:
6 = obeys commands
5 = localises to pain
4 = withdraws from pain
3 = flexes
2 = extends
1 = none
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25
Headache durations in paroxysmal hemicrania and cluster headaches
PH: 2 - 30 mins Cluster: 15mins - 3 hours (bouts lasting 1-3 months, with attacks every other day - 8 per day)
26
Cerebellum damage causes what kind of tremor
intention tremor
27
Circle of willis is located between which mater
arachnoid and pia
28
Bloods for coeliac disease
Anti-TTG IgA HLA status
29
Bloods for pancreatic cancer
increased amylase and lipase | increased Ca19-9
30
Bloods for hepatitis A & E
IgM (acute) | IgG (immunity)
31
Bloods for hepatitis B
IgM anti-HBc | HBsAg
32
Blood for hepatitis C
Anti-HVC
33
Bloods for myasthenia gravis
Anti-MuSK | Anti-AChR
34
Bloods for Grave's
TSH receptor antibodies
35
Bloods for acromegaly
increased plasma IGF-1
36
Drug for parathyroid mediated hypercalcaemia
cinacalcet
37
Drugs for Grave's
Anti-thyroid drugs (e.g. carbimazole) | Beta-blockers (symptomatic)
38
Mineralocorticoid replacement
fludrocortisone
39
alpha blocker example
phenoxybenzamine
40
5-alpha reductase example
finasteride
41
Drugs for hepatitis B
Pegylated interferon | oral anti-virals (e.g. adefovir)
42
Prophylactic migraine drugs
beta-blockers (propranolol) ARBs (candesartan) Tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline) Anticonvulsants (valproate, gabapentin)
43
Alzheimer's drugs
Cholinesterase inhibitors | NMDA agonists
44
Myaesthenia gravis drugs
Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (pyridostigmine) Prednisolone Azathioprine
45
MS (acute relapse) drug
IV prednisolone
46
RRMS drugs
i/m or s/c beta interferon dimethyl fumarate IV natalizumab
47
Cluster headache drugs | for attack and bout, abortive and prophylactic
Abortive (attack): triptans, oxygen Abortive (bout): ipsilateral occipital prednisolone injection, oral prednisolone Prophylactic: Verapamil (CCB), lithium, topiramate
48
General hypercalcaemia drugs
(rehydration) IV bisphosphonates Calcitonin (dialysis)
49
Acromegaly drugs
GH receptor antagonists | Somatostatin analogues
50
Angina investigations
Coronary angiography Exercise tolerance test (sowing ST depression on exertion) Myocardial perfusion imaging
51
Angina management
BP and lipid control Aspirin (decreases platelet aggregation) beta-blockers, GTN spray, CCBs PCI, PTCA, CABG
52
Pleural effusion/ pneumothorax management
Aspiration Intercostal chest drain Chemical pleurodhesis (e.g. talc slurry) - effusion Surgical pleurodhesis (if high risk of recurrence)
53
Hypertension definitions (stage1 and 2)
1: ABPM >135/85, <80yrs + target organ damage/ diabetes 2: ABPM >150/90
54
Hypertension management
1: ACEI/ ARB (if <55) CCB (if >55/ afrocarribean/ child-bearing age 2: Thiazide-like diuretic 3. ACEI/ ARB and CCB 4. further diuretic therapy/ beta-blockers
55
Chronic asthma management
Bronchodilators: - B2 agonists - anti-muscarinics - theophyllines/aminophyllines Anti-inflammatories: - corticosteroids - leukotriene receptor antagonists - Monoclonal antibodies
56
Causes of bronchial breathing
consolidation effusion pneumothorax
57
Antibiotic treatment of pneumonia
Community: amoxycillin* OR clarithromycin Hospital: amoxycillin* AND clarithromycin ITU: co-amoxiclav* AND clarithromycin *Use levofloxacin instead in penicillin allergy
58
Heart failure management
``` Loop diuretics (furosemide) RAAS inhibition (ACEIs, ARBs, aldosterone antagonists) ``` Digoxin, nitrates, beta-blockers Warfarin (ventricle dilatation --> thrombi)
59
Bloods for heart failure
BNP | + echo and MUGA
60
Bloods for MI
Cardiac troponin I and T
61
Blood detecting breaking up of blood clots
D-dimer
62
Acute MI management
STEMI: - thrombolysis (t-PA, streptokinase) - PCI (or PTCA/CABG) ``` ALL: - aspirin, clopidogrel - heparin - nitrates - beta-blockers - statins - ACEIs (+ analgesia) ```

x2 - Second Year Misc. (4 decks)

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