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x2 - Second Year Misc. > Sticky note cards > Flashcards

Sticky note cards Flashcards

1
Q

LFTs in liver damage

A

low albumin
low platelet count
high prothrombin time
high creatinine

high Gamma GT (ALD)

ALT > AST (NAFLD)
AST > ALT (ALD)
high ALT + AST (viral hepatitis)

+always do an USS + biopsy

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2
Q

parasympathetic alimentary innervation

A

anterior and posterior vagal trunks

pelvic splanchnic nerves (S2-4)

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3
Q

sympathetic alimentary innervation

A

abdominopelvic splanchnic nerves (greater, lesser, least)
prevertebral sympathetic ganglia
abdominal aortic plexuses

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4
Q

innervation of visceral and parietal peritoneum

A

visceral: autonomic nerves
parietal: T7-L1

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5
Q

innervation of abdominal muscles

A

internal oblique + tranversus abdominis: T7-L1

external oblique + rectus abdominis: T7-T12

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6
Q

Cushing’s Reflex

A

(in response to increased ICP)

hypertension
irregular breathing
bradycardia

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7
Q

actions of tongue muscles

A

Hyoglossus: depresses
Genioglossus: protrudes to other side
Styloglossus: retracts and curls sides
Palatoglossus: elevated posterior part

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8
Q

Reflexes controlled by ventromedial pathways

A

Tectospinal tract - static reflex
Vestibulospinal tract - tonic labyrinthine reflexes
pontine + medullary reticulospinal tracts - dynamic righting reflexes

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9
Q

Adelta fibres

A

Fast pain - nociception

medium diameter, lightly myelinated

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10
Q

C fibres

A

Slow pain - non-noxious temperature and itch

small diameter, unmyelinated

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11
Q

Aalpha and Abeta fibres

A

proprioception and light touch

large diameter, myelinated

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12
Q

H. pylori triple therapy

A

Clarithromycin
Metronidazole
PPI

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13
Q

Causes of ascites

A

portal hypertension
renal hypoperfusion
low plasma albumin

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14
Q

Type 2 diabetes drugs

A

Metformin
Sulphonylureas

Thiazoladinediones (pioglitazone)
DPP-IV inhibitors (-gliptans)
SGLT inhibitors (-gliflozins)
GLP-1 analogues (-atides)
insulin
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15
Q

NSAIDs are nephrotoxic as they…

A

decrease synthesis of renal vasodilator prostaglandins

–> decreased renal blood flow

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16
Q

Chronic epilepsy management

A

Sodium valproate
Lamotrigine
Levetiracetam
Carbamazepine

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17
Q

Monro-Kelly doctrine

A

when a new intracranial mass is introduced, a compensatory decrease in venous blood/ CSF volume takes place to keep intracranial volume constant.

at a critical volume, compensatory mechanisms are exhausted and ICP increases

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18
Q

Calculation for cerebral perfusion pressure

A

CPP = MAP - ICP

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19
Q

Immediate management of increased ICP (>15mmHg)

A

Elevate head of bed (facilitates venous return)
Hypertonic saline (shifts H2O out of brain)
Hyperventilation ( temporarily decreases cerebral blood flow - dependant on PCO2)
Induce barbiturate coma (decreases cerebral metabolism and therefore blood flow
Surgical decompression

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20
Q

Pus in anterior chamber

A

Hypopyon

in anterior uveitis

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21
Q

Action of VegF

A

increases capillary permeability

anti-VegF decreases permeability

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22
Q

the only cranial nerve that decussates

A

IV (trochlear)

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23
Q

Glaucoma management

A

General:
b-blockers (timolol) + carbonic anhydrase - both decrease AH production

POAG: Prostaglandin (increases AH outflow), laser trabeculoplasty, surgical trabeculotomy

Angle closure: dexamethasone, pilocarpine (constrictor), laser irridotomy

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24
Q

GCS

A 
EYES OPEN:
4 = spontaneous
3 = to speech
2 = to pain
3 = none
VERBAL:
5 = oriented
4 = confused
3 = words
2 = sounds
1 = none
MOTOR:
6 = obeys commands
5 = localises to pain
4 = withdraws from pain
3 = flexes
2 = extends
1 = none
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25
Q

Headache durations in paroxysmal hemicrania and cluster headaches

A

PH: 2 - 30 mins
Cluster: 15mins - 3 hours

(bouts lasting 1-3 months, with attacks every other day - 8 per day)

26
Q

Cerebellum damage causes what kind of tremor

A

intention tremor

27
Q

Circle of willis is located between which mater

A

arachnoid and pia

28
Q

Bloods for coeliac disease

A

Anti-TTG
IgA
HLA status

29
Q

Bloods for pancreatic cancer

A

increased amylase and lipase

increased Ca19-9

30
Q

Bloods for hepatitis A & E

A

IgM (acute)

IgG (immunity)

31
Q

Bloods for hepatitis B

A

IgM anti-HBc

HBsAg

32
Q

Blood for hepatitis C

A

Anti-HVC

33
Q

Bloods for myasthenia gravis

A

Anti-MuSK

Anti-AChR

34
Q

Bloods for Grave’s

A

TSH receptor antibodies

35
Q

Bloods for acromegaly

A

increased plasma IGF-1

36
Q

Drug for parathyroid mediated hypercalcaemia

A

cinacalcet

37
Q

Drugs for Grave’s

A

Anti-thyroid drugs (e.g. carbimazole)

Beta-blockers (symptomatic)

38
Q

Mineralocorticoid replacement

A

fludrocortisone

39
Q

alpha blocker example

A

phenoxybenzamine

40
Q

5-alpha reductase example

A

finasteride

41
Q

Drugs for hepatitis B

A

Pegylated interferon

oral anti-virals (e.g. adefovir)

42
Q

Prophylactic migraine drugs

A

beta-blockers (propranolol)
ARBs (candesartan)
Tricyclic antidepressants (amitriptyline)
Anticonvulsants (valproate, gabapentin)

43
Q

Alzheimer’s drugs

A

Cholinesterase inhibitors

NMDA agonists

44
Q

Myaesthenia gravis drugs

A

Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (pyridostigmine)
Prednisolone
Azathioprine

45
Q

MS (acute relapse) drug

A

IV prednisolone

46
Q

RRMS drugs

A

i/m or s/c beta interferon
dimethyl fumarate

IV natalizumab

47
Q

Cluster headache drugs

for attack and bout, abortive and prophylactic

A

Abortive (attack): triptans, oxygen

Abortive (bout): ipsilateral occipital prednisolone injection, oral prednisolone

Prophylactic: Verapamil (CCB), lithium, topiramate

48
Q

General hypercalcaemia drugs

A

(rehydration)
IV bisphosphonates
Calcitonin
(dialysis)

49
Q

Acromegaly drugs

A

GH receptor antagonists

Somatostatin analogues

50
Q

Angina investigations

A

Coronary angiography
Exercise tolerance test (sowing ST depression on exertion)
Myocardial perfusion imaging

51
Q

Angina management

A

BP and lipid control
Aspirin (decreases platelet aggregation)

beta-blockers, GTN spray, CCBs

PCI, PTCA, CABG

52
Q

Pleural effusion/ pneumothorax management

A

Aspiration
Intercostal chest drain
Chemical pleurodhesis (e.g. talc slurry) - effusion
Surgical pleurodhesis (if high risk of recurrence)

53
Q

Hypertension definitions (stage1 and 2)

A

1: ABPM >135/85, <80yrs
+ target organ damage/ diabetes

2: ABPM >150/90

54
Q

Hypertension management

A

1: ACEI/ ARB (if <55)
CCB (if >55/ afrocarribean/ child-bearing age

2: Thiazide-like diuretic
3. ACEI/ ARB and CCB
4. further diuretic therapy/ beta-blockers

55
Q

Chronic asthma management

A

Bronchodilators:

  • B2 agonists
  • anti-muscarinics
  • theophyllines/aminophyllines

Anti-inflammatories:

  • corticosteroids
  • leukotriene receptor antagonists
  • Monoclonal antibodies
56
Q

Causes of bronchial breathing

A

consolidation
effusion
pneumothorax

57
Q

Antibiotic treatment of pneumonia

A

Community: amoxycillin* OR clarithromycin
Hospital: amoxycillin* AND clarithromycin
ITU: co-amoxiclav* AND clarithromycin

*Use levofloxacin instead in penicillin allergy

58
Q

Heart failure management

A 
Loop diuretics (furosemide)
RAAS inhibition (ACEIs, ARBs, aldosterone antagonists)

Digoxin, nitrates, beta-blockers

Warfarin (ventricle dilatation –> thrombi)

59
Q

Bloods for heart failure

A

BNP

+ echo and MUGA

60
Q

Bloods for MI

A

Cardiac troponin I and T

61
Q

Blood detecting breaking up of blood clots

A

D-dimer

62
Q

Acute MI management

A

STEMI:

  • thrombolysis (t-PA, streptokinase)
  • PCI (or PTCA/CABG)
ALL:
 - aspirin, clopidogrel
 - heparin
 - nitrates
 - beta-blockers
 - statins
 - ACEIs
 (+ analgesia)

x2 - Second Year Misc. (4 decks)

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