Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

x2 - Second Year Misc. > FPC > Flashcards

FPC Flashcards

1
Q

The international alliance of patients’ organisation (IAPO) ‘s declaration of patient centred healthcare defines patient centred healthcare as based on these principles and values…

A 
Respect
Choice and empowerment
Patient involvement in health policy
Access and support
Information
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

The definition of incidence

and what it is used for

A

The no. of new cases of a disease in a population in a specified period of time

Tells us about trends in causation and aetiology
Can help with planning when and where extra care and provisions will be needed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

The definition of prevalence

and what it is used for

A

The no. of people in a population with a specific disease at a single point in time or a defined period of time

Useful in assessing current workload for the health service

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Vulnerability definition

A

An individual’s capacity to resist disease, repair damage and restore physiological homeostasis

(varies between organs)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Examples of the “burden of treatment” on patients and carers

A

Charging their behaviour for lifestyle modifications
Monitoring and managing symptoms at home
Adhering to complex treatment regimes
Navigating complex administrative systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Biographical disruption definition

A

A loss in confidence in social interaction or self-identity due to a loss in confidence in the body from a long term condition

may involve having to “renegotiate” existing relationships

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Who do chronic conditions impact

A 
The individual (denial, self-pity, apathy)
The family (physical, emotional, financial)
The community/ society
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Legal definition of disability

A

a physical, sensory or mental difficulty that makes it difficult for them to carry out day to day activities ongoing for more than 12 months

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

The WHO “international classification of functioning, disability and health”
divides disability into 3 levels…

A
  1. Body and structure impairment
    - organ level (e.g. damage to leg)
    - abnormalities of structure, organ or system function
  2. Activity limitation
    - personal level (e.g. mobility difficulty)
    - changed functional performance and activity by the individual
  3. Participation restrictions
    - social and environmental level (e.g. difficulty participating in sports)
    - disadvantage experienced by the individual as a result of impairments and disabilities
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

the 2 different models of disability

A

Medical model

  • individual/ personal cause
  • underlying pathology
  • individual level intervention
  • individual change/ adjustment

Social model

  • social cause
  • social/ political action needed
  • societal attitude change
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

” examples of disability legislation

A

Disability discrimination acts 1995 and 2005

Equality act 2010

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

The doctor’s role in managing disability

A

Assess disability
Co-ordinate MDT
Intervene in the form of rehabilitation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Personal reaction to disability depends on…

A 
The nature of the disability
The information base of the individual
The personality of the individual
The coping strategies of the individual
The reaction of others around them
The support network of the individual
Additional resources available to the individual
Time to adapt
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Causes of disability

A 
Congenital
Injury
Communicable disease
Non-communicable disease
Alcohol
Drugs (iatrogenic or illicit)
Malnutrition
Obesity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

The Wilson and Junger criteria for screening

A

Knowledge of the disease
- it must be important, recognisable early and well understood
Knowledge of the test
- it must be suitable, acceptable to the population and continuous
Treatment of the disease
- must be acceptable, available and have an agreed policy on who to treat
Cost considerations

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

The difference between disease and illness

A

Disease - to do with signs, symptoms and diagnosis, the medical perspective

Illness - to doo with ICE and experience, the patient perspective

(e.g. HT is often a disease without illness)
(in up to 50% of GP appointments there is no disease)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Factors affecting uptake of care

A

Lay referral
Sources of information
Medical factors (what the symptoms are)
Non-medical factors (ICE, beliefs, age, class, gender, culture…)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Aims of epidemiology

A

Description (of amount and distribution of disease)
Explanation (of natural history and aetiological factors)
Disease control (the basis for preventative measures)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Epidemiological studies try to point to…

A

Aetiological clues
The scope for prevention
Identification of high risk/ priority groups

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Calculating incidence

A

Events / Population at risk

Everyone in the denominator must have the possibility of entering the numerator.
The denominator must be specific

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Calculating relative risk (RR)

A

incidence in exposed group / incidence in unexposed group

Measures the strength of an association between a suspected risk factor and the disease being studied

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Sources of epidemiological data

A 
Mortality data
Hospital activity statistics
Reproductive health statistics
Cancer statistics
Accident statistics
General practice morbidity
Health and household surveys
Social security statistics
Drug misuse databases
Expenditure data from NHS
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Health literacy is

A

Having the knowledge, skills, understanding and confidence to…

Use health information
Be active partners in their care
Navigate health and social care systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

SIGN guidelines intend to…

A

Help health and social care professionals and patients understand medical evidence and use it to make decisions

Reduce unwarranted variations in practice to make sure patients get the best care available, no matter where they live

Improve healthcare across Scotland by focusing on patient-important outcomes

(they aim to aid the translation of new knowledge into action)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Descriptive studies
Attempt to describe the amount and distribution of disease in a given population does not provide definitive conclusions about causation Do not test hypotheses Usually quick and cheap
26
Cross-sectional studies
Observations are made at a single point in time Provides results quickly Conclusions are drawn about the relationship btw diseases and other variables in a defined population Usually impossible to infer causation e.g. venous reflux scanned and a questionnaire about risk-factors given to participants to assess risk factors for venous reflux
27
Case-control studies
A group of individuals with the disease (cases) are compared to a control group Data is gathered on each individual to determine if they have been exposed to each aetiological factor Results are expressed as relative risks, sometimes with P values (confidence intervals)
28
Types of analytic studies
Cross-sectional studies Case control studies Cohort studies
29
Cohort studies
Baseline data is collected from a group of people who do not have the disease This group is followed until enough of them have developed the disease to allow analysis - the group is split into subgroups with different exposures Results are usually expressed as relative risks with confidence intervals (p values)
30
Trials
Experiments used to test ideas about aetiology or to evaluate interventions
31
The definitive method of assessing any new treatment in medicine is...
The randomised controlled trial
32
The randomised controlled trial
Two groups at risk of developing a condition are assembled An alteration is made to the intervention group (e.g. stop smoking) The control group has no intervention Data is collected on subsequent outcomes and relative risk is calculated
33
Factors to consider when interpreting results
Standardisation - a set of techniques used to remove the effects of differences in age, sex etc... Standardised mortality ratio (SMR) - a standardised death rate converted into a ratio - SMR 120 = 20% more deaths than expected Quality of data - you must be sure data is trustworthy Case definition - important to know exactly what terms mean Coding and classification - must understand codes used in data storage and analysis Ascertainment - is the data complete (are subjects missing etc...)
34
Bias definition
Trends in data collection, analysis, interpretation, publication or review that can lead to conclusions that are different from the truth
35
Types of bias
Selection bias information bias (happens when trial is not double blind) Follow-up bias (one group is followed up more assiduously) Systematic error (tendency for measurements to fall one side of the true value)
36
Confounding factor definition
A factor that is independently associated with the disease and the risk-factor under investigation so distorts the relationship (e.g. age, sex, social class)
37
Confounding factors are dealt with using...
Randomisation Restriction of eligibility Results can be stratified Results can be adjusted
38
Criteria that prove causality
Strength of association (measured by relative risk/ odds ratio) Consistency (under different circumstances) Specificity (single exposure leading to single disease) *Temporality (exposure comes before disease) Biological gradient (risk increases as exposure increases) Biological plausibility (agrees with known biology) Coherence (doesn't conflict with known biology) Analogy (another relationship can act as a model) Experiment (can be proven by controlled experiment - rare in humans) *only absolute criterion
39
Healthy life expectancy is
The number of years spent in self-assessed good health Since 2000, the number of years spent in poor health has increased but the proportion has remained stable
40
Responsibilities of carers
Practical help such as cooking, laundry, shopping Keeping an eye on them Keeping them company Taking them out Help with finances Help them deal with care services and benefits Help with aspects of personal care
41
Being a carer impacts on the person's...
Finances Personal health Relationships with friends and family
42
Multi-morbidity definition
The co-existence of two or more long-term conditions in an individual (the norm in primary care patients) (complex as the preferred treatment for one condition may worsen another)
43
Options for care
``` Living in a family member's home Living in own home with support from family Living in own home with support from social services Sheltered housing Residential home Nursing home Specialist unit Admission to hospital ```
44
Purpose of advance and anticipatory care planning (ACP)
Promotes discussion in which individuals, their care providers and often those close to them, make decisions with respect to their future health or personal and practical aspects of care
45
Aspects of advance and anticipatory care planning (ACP)
Legal aspects - welfare power of attorney - financial power of attorney - guardianship Personal aspects - wishes regarding treatment - next of kin - consent to pass info to others - who else to consult/ inform - preferred place of death - current level of support Medical aspects - potential problems - home care package - DNA CPR - details of "just in case" medicines - assessment of capacity/competence - current aids and appliances
46
Roles of the practice nurse...
``` Obtaining blood samples ECGs Minor + complex wound management including leg ulcers Travel health advice and vaccinations Child immunisations and advice Family planning and women's health (in. cervical smears) Men's health screening Sexual health services Smoking cessation ```
47
Roles of the district nurse
Visit people in their own homes/ residential homes provide direct, complex care Teaching + support role with patients and carers Keep hospital admissions and readmissions to a minimum Assess healthcare needs Monitor the care patients are receiving Professionally accountable for the delivery of care
48
Roles of the midwife
Provide care during all stages of pregnancy, labour and early post-natal period Work in the community (GP, children's centres, women's homes, local clinics) and hospital
49
Roles of the health visitor
Child and family health services from pregnancy to 5 years Ongoing additional services for vulnerable children and families (practical support, referral) Safeguard and protect children Support and advice on minor illnesses, feeding and weaning, dental health, physical development checks, post-natal depression)
50
Roles of the Macmillan nurse
Specialised pain + symptom control Emotional support for patient, family and carers Care in a variety of settings Info on cancer treatments and side effects Advice to other members of the caring team Advice on other forms of support including financial
51
Roles of the pharmacist
Expert in medicines and their use Ensure patients gat maximum benefit from medicines Advise other staff on selection and appropriate use of medicines Provide info to patients on how to manage medicines May undertake additional training to be able to prescribe for specific conditions
52
Roles of the dietician
Working with people with special dietary needs Informing the general public about nutrition Offering unbiased advice Evaluating and improving treatments Educating patients and other healthcare professionals
53
Roles of the physiotherapist
Help and treat people with physical problems caused by illness, accident or ageing Maximise movement through health promotion, preventative healthcare, treatment and rehabilitation Core skills include: - manual therapy - therapeutic exercise - application of electrophysical modalities - appreciation of physiological, cultural and social factors influencing their clients
54
Roles of the occupational therapist
Assessment and treatment of physical and psychiatric conditions using specific activity to prevent disability and promote independent function in all aspects of daily life Help people overcome the effects of disability (maximise independence) work in many areas including: - physical rehabilitation - mental health services - learning disability - primary care - paediatrics - environmental adaptation - care management - equipment for daily living
55
Roles of the care manager
Experts in working with individuals to identify their goals and locate the specific support services that enhance well-being Provide support to find the best solutions Highly trained social workers who work with the patient to advise on social and financial support services
56
Challenges affecting the PHCT
Economic factors - larger buildings often owned by private companies Political pressure - to reduce costs of treatment Development - Development of new and extended professional roles Ageing patients
57
"The forum on teamworking in primary healthcare" recommends guidelines for establishing a successful PHCT. The team should...
Recognise and include the patient, carer or representative as an essential member of the PHCT Establish a common agreed purpose Agree set objectives and monitor progress towards them Agree teamworking conditions, including a process for resolving conflict Ensure each team member understands and acknowledges the skills and knowledge of colleagues Pay particular attention to the importance of communication btw its members including the patient Select the team leader for their leadership skills
58
The integration of health and social care aims to...
reduce unnecessary admissions to hospital + reduce delayed discharges Make more efficient and affective use of limited resources
59
The legislative framework for integrating health and social care was set out in...
The public bodies (Joint working) (Scotland) Act 2014
60
2 frameworks for integrating health and social care services
Integrated joint board (body corporate) model | Lead agency model
61
which is more important, actual risk or relative risk?
Actual risk
62
Purpose of the odds ratio
Approximated the relative risk
63
Relative risk can only be properly calculated from...
prospective studies
64
The audit cycle
Set standards Measure current practice Compare results of practice to standards set Reflect, plan change and implement change Re-audit
65
An audit asks...
"Are we actually doing the right thing and in the right way?" They should be transparent and non-judgemental
66
Audits can be used to evaluate...
Structure of care (e.g. clinic availability) Process of care (e.g. waiting times) Outcome of care (e.g. success rates)
67
The royal college of GPs states (about audits) …
They should be full cycle There should be at least one complete audit in each 5 year revalidation cycle They must be undertaken by several GPs working as a team
68
The description of an audit should include...
Title Reason for choice Dates of 1st and 2nd data collection Criteria to be audited and standards set with justification Results of first data collection and comparison with standards Summary of plan of change agreed Changes implemented Results of 2nd data collection and comparison with standards Quality of improvements achieved Reflection of audit on principles of good medical practice
69
Criteria definition
A definable, measurable item of healthcare | e.g. the number of people with IHD who have their lipids checked per year
70
Standards definition
The level of healthcare to be achieved for a specific criterion e.g. 80% (often described as a statement)
71
Different types of standards
Minimum standard = lowest acceptable standard of performance Ideal standard = care that should be possible under ideal conditions Optimum standard = lies between the minimum + ideal, the standard most likely to be achieved under normal conditions

x2 - Second Year Misc. (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions