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BLOCK POSTING 4 > STI > Flashcards

STI Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between an STI and an STD?

A

STIs refer to infections transmitted via sexual contact that may or may not develop into a disease (STD).

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2
Q

What are common complications of STIs?

A

Infertility, congenital deformities, stillbirth, increased HIV risk, and cancers (e.g., cervical cancer).

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3
Q

What are the main modes of STI transmission?

A

Sexual contact (vaginal, oral, anal) and non-sexual means (vertical, transfusion, unsafe medical practices).

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4
Q

What are the four curable bacterial STIs?

A

Chlamydia, Gonorrhoea, Syphilis, and Trichomoniasis.

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5
Q

What are examples of non-curable viral STIs?

A

HIV, HSV (herpes simplex virus), and HPV (human papillomavirus).

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6
Q

What is the primary virulence factor of Neisseria gonorrhoeae?

A

IgA protease, capsule, Opa proteins, and pilus for adherence and immune evasion.

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7
Q

What is the gold standard for diagnosing gonorrhoea?

A

Culture on Modified Thayer Martin or Chocolate agar.

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8
Q

What is the common treatment for gonorrhoea?

A

Ceftriaxone 250 mg IM plus doxycycline for co-infections.

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9
Q

What is the causative agent of syphilis?

A

Treponema pallidum, a spirochete.

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10
Q

What are the three stages of syphilis?

A

Primary (chancre), Secondary (rash and systemic symptoms), Tertiary (cardiovascular and neurosyphilis).

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11
Q

How is syphilis diagnosed?

A

Dark-field microscopy, VDRL/RPR (non-specific tests), and FTA-ABS (specific test).

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12
Q

What is the first-line treatment for syphilis?

A

Penicillin G; alternatives include doxycycline for penicillin-allergic patients.

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13
Q

What is lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV)?

A

A systemic STI caused by Chlamydia trachomatis serovars L1-L3.

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14
Q

What are the key clinical features of trichomoniasis?

A

Copious foul-smelling discharge, pruritus, and strawberry cervix in women.

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15
Q

What is the recommended treatment for trichomoniasis?

A

Metronidazole 2 g single dose.

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16
Q

What are the complications of HPV infection?

A

Cervical cancer, genital warts, and other anogenital cancers.

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17
Q

What vaccines are available for HPV prevention?

A

Vaccines against high-risk HPV types 16 and 18, among others.

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18
Q

What is the syndromic management approach for STIs?

A

Treatment based on clusters of signs and symptoms without laboratory diagnosis.

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19
Q

What are the advantages of syndromic STI management?

A

Immediate treatment, fewer complications, and applicability in resource-limited settings.

20
Q

What are the disadvantages of syndromic STI management?

A

Missed asymptomatic infections, over-diagnosis, and increased antibiotic resistance.

21
Q

What are the risk factors for STIs?

A

Risky sexual behavior, occupation, customs, traditions, and multiple sexual partners.

22
Q

What are the main types of syndromic classifications of STIs?

A

Urethral discharge, genital ulcers, inguinal swelling, vaginal discharge, lower abdominal pain, and neonatal eye infections.

23
Q

What is the primary cause of bacterial vaginosis?

A

Gardnerella vaginalis, a Gram-variable rod.

24
Q

What are the clinical features of bacterial vaginosis?

A

Thin, grayish-white vaginal discharge with a fishy odor and increased vaginal pH.

25
Q

How is bacterial vaginosis diagnosed?

A

Microscopic identification of clue cells and positive whiff test using KOH.

26
Q

What is the standard treatment for bacterial vaginosis?

A

Metronidazole or clindamycin.

27
Q

What are the hallmark features of genital herpes?

A

Painful vesicles that ulcerate, constitutional symptoms, and latency in dorsal root ganglia.

28
Q

What antivirals are used to treat genital herpes?

A

Acyclovir, valacyclovir, and famciclovir.

29
Q

What are the clinical features of chancroid?

A

Painful genital ulcers with ragged edges and tender lymphadenopathy.

30
Q

What is the causative agent of chancroid?

A

Haemophilus ducreyi, a Gram-negative bacterium.

31
Q

What diagnostic feature characterizes chancroid under microscopy?

A

Gram-negative rods arranged in a ‘school of fish’ pattern.

32
Q

What is granuloma inguinale

A

and what causes it?

33
Q

What is the diagnostic hallmark of granuloma inguinale?

A

Donovan bodies seen in Giemsa- or Wright-stained smears.

34
Q

What is the treatment for granuloma inguinale?

A

Tetracyclines or co-trimoxazole.

35
Q

What is lymphogranuloma venereum (LGV) associated with?

A

Systemic infection with Chlamydia trachomatis L1-L3 serovars.

36
Q

What are the clinical features of primary LGV?

A

Ulcerating papule at the site of inoculation and inguinal buboes.

37
Q

What complications can arise from untreated LGV?

A

Fistula formation, genital elephantiasis, and rectal strictures.

38
Q

What is the treatment for LGV?

A

Doxycycline or erythromycin; erythromycin is preferred for pregnant women.

39
Q

What are the complications of untreated syphilis during pregnancy?

A

Congenital abnormalities, stillbirth, and silent infection manifesting later.

40
Q

What are the WHO-recommended preventive strategies for STIs?

A

Abstinence, barrier methods, vaccines (e.g., HPV and Hepatitis B), and sex education.

41
Q

What is the role of syndromic STI management in low-resource settings?

A

Provides immediate treatment based on symptoms without waiting for laboratory results.

42
Q

What is the significance of HPV types 16 and 18?

A

They are high-risk types associated with cervical and other anogenital cancers.

43
Q

What are the common symptoms of trichomoniasis?

A

Foul-smelling discharge, pruritus, and strawberry cervix in women; asymptomatic in men.

44
Q

What is the diagnostic test for trichomoniasis?

A

Microscopy showing motile, flagellated protozoa; PCR is also available.

45
Q

What is PrEP

A

and how is it used in STI prevention?

46
Q

What are the key interventions for preventing neonatal STI complications?

A

Screening pregnant women for syphilis, HIV, and HBV early in pregnancy.

BLOCK POSTING 4 (8 decks)

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