DVT Flashcards
What is deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?
A condition where blood clots form in deep veins, usually in the lower limbs.
What are the risk factors for DVT?
Prolonged immobility, surgery, obesity, pregnancy, oral contraceptives, cancer, and thrombophilia.
What is Virchow’s triad?
The three factors promoting thrombosis: endothelial injury, hypercoagulability, and venous stasis.
What are the common symptoms of DVT?
Swelling, pain, warmth, and redness in the affected limb.
What is the most common complication of untreated DVT?
Pulmonary embolism (PE).
How is DVT diagnosed?
Doppler ultrasound is the primary diagnostic tool, and D-dimer testing may also be used.
What is the role of D-dimer in DVT diagnosis?
Elevated D-dimer indicates fibrin degradation and is used to rule out DVT.
What imaging is used for suspected pulmonary embolism (PE)?
CT pulmonary angiography is the gold standard.
What is the Wells score?
A clinical scoring system used to assess the probability of DVT.
What are the first-line treatments for DVT?
Anticoagulants such as heparin, low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs).
What is the mechanism of action of heparin?
Heparin activates antithrombin III, inhibiting thrombin and factor Xa.
What is the duration of anticoagulation therapy for a first-time DVT?
Typically 3-6 months.
What are indications for thrombolysis in DVT?
Massive DVT with threatened limb viability or significant hemodynamic compromise.
What is post-thrombotic syndrome?
A long-term complication of DVT causing chronic pain, swelling, and venous ulcers.
How can DVT be prevented during surgery?
Mechanical methods like compression stockings and pharmacological prophylaxis with LMWH.
What are the signs of pulmonary embolism (PE)?
Sudden onset of dyspnea, chest pain, tachycardia, and hemoptysis.
What genetic conditions predispose to DVT?
Factor V Leiden mutation, prothrombin gene mutation, and protein C or S deficiency.
What is the role of compression ultrasonography in DVT?
It detects non-compressible veins, indicative of thrombus.
What are common sites for DVT?
Femoral, popliteal, and iliac veins in the lower limb.
What are relative contraindications to anticoagulation?
Active bleeding, recent surgery, or severe thrombocytopenia.
What is the role of IVC filters in DVT management?
They prevent pulmonary embolism in patients with contraindications to anticoagulation.
What lifestyle modifications can help prevent DVT?
Regular exercise, weight management, hydration, and avoiding prolonged immobility.
What are the signs of chronic venous insufficiency post-DVT?
Edema, hyperpigmentation, and venous ulcers.
What is the difference between provoked and unprovoked DVT?
Provoked DVT has an identifiable risk factor, while unprovoked occurs without a clear cause.
