DVT

Question 1

What is deep vein thrombosis (DVT)?

Answer 1

A condition where blood clots form in deep veins, usually in the lower limbs.

Question 2

What are the risk factors for DVT?

Answer 2

Prolonged immobility, surgery, obesity, pregnancy, oral contraceptives, cancer, and thrombophilia.

Question 3

What is Virchow’s triad?

Answer 3

The three factors promoting thrombosis: endothelial injury, hypercoagulability, and venous stasis.

Question 4

What are the common symptoms of DVT?

Answer 4

Swelling, pain, warmth, and redness in the affected limb.

Question 5

What is the most common complication of untreated DVT?

Answer 5

Pulmonary embolism (PE).

Question 6

How is DVT diagnosed?

Answer 6

Doppler ultrasound is the primary diagnostic tool, and D-dimer testing may also be used.

Question 7

What is the role of D-dimer in DVT diagnosis?

Answer 7

Elevated D-dimer indicates fibrin degradation and is used to rule out DVT.

Question 8

What imaging is used for suspected pulmonary embolism (PE)?

Answer 8

CT pulmonary angiography is the gold standard.

Question 9

What is the Wells score?

Answer 9

A clinical scoring system used to assess the probability of DVT.

Question 10

What are the first-line treatments for DVT?

Answer 10

Anticoagulants such as heparin, low molecular weight heparin (LMWH), and direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs).

Question 11

What is the mechanism of action of heparin?

Answer 11

Heparin activates antithrombin III, inhibiting thrombin and factor Xa.

Question 12

What is the duration of anticoagulation therapy for a first-time DVT?

Answer 12

Typically 3-6 months.

Question 13

What are indications for thrombolysis in DVT?

Answer 13

Massive DVT with threatened limb viability or significant hemodynamic compromise.

Question 14

What is post-thrombotic syndrome?

Answer 14

A long-term complication of DVT causing chronic pain, swelling, and venous ulcers.

Question 15

How can DVT be prevented during surgery?

Answer 15

Mechanical methods like compression stockings and pharmacological prophylaxis with LMWH.

Question 16

What are the signs of pulmonary embolism (PE)?

Answer 16

Sudden onset of dyspnea, chest pain, tachycardia, and hemoptysis.

Question 17

What genetic conditions predispose to DVT?

Answer 17

Factor V Leiden mutation, prothrombin gene mutation, and protein C or S deficiency.

Question 18

What is the role of compression ultrasonography in DVT?

Answer 18

It detects non-compressible veins, indicative of thrombus.

Question 19

What are common sites for DVT?

Answer 19

Femoral, popliteal, and iliac veins in the lower limb.

Question 20

What are relative contraindications to anticoagulation?

Answer 20

Active bleeding, recent surgery, or severe thrombocytopenia.

Question 21

What is the role of IVC filters in DVT management?

Answer 21

They prevent pulmonary embolism in patients with contraindications to anticoagulation.

Question 22

What lifestyle modifications can help prevent DVT?

Answer 22

Regular exercise, weight management, hydration, and avoiding prolonged immobility.

Question 23

What are the signs of chronic venous insufficiency post-DVT?

Answer 23

Edema, hyperpigmentation, and venous ulcers.

Question 24

What is the difference between provoked and unprovoked DVT?

Answer 24

Provoked DVT has an identifiable risk factor, while unprovoked occurs without a clear cause.

Question 25

What laboratory tests are indicated for recurrent DVT?

Answer 25

Tests for thrombophilia, including protein C, protein S, and antithrombin levels.