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Physiology Exam 4 > Steroid Hormone Receptors > Flashcards

Steroid Hormone Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

Cell signaling allows?

A

Communication among cells to coordinate their behavior for the benefit of the whole organism

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2
Q

“Cell signaling allows communication among cells to coordinate their behavior for the benefit of the whole organism.” Behavior refers to?

A
  1. Control of gene expression
  2. Control of protein function
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3
Q

Steroid hormone receptors are _____ receptors

A

Intracellular

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4
Q

Signaling molecules can also be called?

A
  1. Ligands
  2. Agonists
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5
Q

Signaling via steroid hormone receptors involves?

A
  1. Common structure
  2. Common signaling mechanism
  3. Multiple rounds of transcription
  4. Location of receptors
  5. Specificity and speed
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6
Q

Aldosterone binds to what receptor?

A

Mineralcorticoid

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7
Q

Thyroid hormone binds to what receptor?

A

Thyroid hormone receptor

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8
Q

Steroids are _____ derivatives

A

Cholesterol

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9
Q

Steroid hormone receptors include?

A
  1. Cortisol receptor
  2. Estrogen receptor
  3. Testosterone receptor
  4. Vitamin D3 receptor
  5. Retinoic acid receptor
  6. Thyroid hormone receptor
  7. Mineralocorticoid receptor
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10
Q

Are all signaling molecules which act via steroid hormone receptors steroids?

A

No.

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11
Q

Examples of non-steroid ligands which act on steroid hormone receptors

A
  1. Thyroxine
  2. Retinoic acid
  3. Vitamin D3
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12
Q

All cholesterol derivatives have what type of backbone?

A

4 aromatic rings

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13
Q

Most important carrier protein for cortisol

A

Transcortin

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14
Q

Most important carrier protein for thyroid hormone

A

Thryoxine-binding-globulin

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15
Q

Steroid hormone receptor have a common structure. They all contain?

A
  1. Transcription-activating domain
  2. DNA binding domain
  3. Hormone-binding domain
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16
Q

Why are ligands in the bloodstream bound to carrier proteins?

A

Prevent excretion in the kidney

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17
Q

How long do ligands remain in the bloodstream before excretion?

A

Hours → long time / slow process

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18
Q

How do ligands enter cells?

A

Diffusion across lipid membrane

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19
Q

How are ligands able to diffuse across the lipid membrane?

A

They’re lipid soluble of course!

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20
Q

What happens when ligands bind to intracellular receptors?

A

Activate receptor

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21
Q

What does the activated hormone-receptor complex do?

A
  1. Enters nucleus
  2. Dimerizes
  3. Binds to specific sequence on DNA
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22
Q

When activated hormone-receptor complex binds to DNA, what happens?

A

Transcription is initiated → if appropriate transcription factors are present

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23
Q

Where are intracellular receptors located?

A

Cytosol or nucleus

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24
Q

Intracellular receptors in the nucleus reside as?

A

Inactive receptors on DNA

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25
2 examples of receptors located in cytosol
1. **Glucocorticoid** receptor 2. **Aldosterone** receptor
26
2 examples of receptors located in nucleus
1. **Thyroid hormone** receptor 2. Vitamin **D3** receptor
27
Steroid hormone receptors are specific. What are the 2 things necessary for them to work?
1. Cell **must contain receptor** 2. **Regulatory proteins** must be present → some of these are cell-specific
28
General speed of signaling via intracellular receptors
Slow
29
Why is signalling via intracelular receptors slow?
1. **Long diffusion path** for ligand 2. Effect requires **transcription and translation** 3. Termination requires **excretion** of hormone
30
Reservoir for ligands
Carrier proteins
31
How is hormone excreted?
Bile after conjugation in liver
32
Aldosterone is produced in response to?
Decrease in blood pressure (Renin-Angiotensin-Aldosteron system)
33
Aldosterone originates rom?
Adrenal cortex → no storage
34
Aldosterone carrier proteins
1. Transcortin 2. Albumin
35
How does aldosterone increase blood pressure?
Increases Na+ and water retention, K+ excretion
36
Renin is released by?
Kidney in response to drop in blood pressure
37
Where does renin go after it's released by the kidney?
Into blood strem
38
Renin catalyzes what reaction?
Angiotensinogen → angiotensin I
39
Renin function
Initiate angiotensin II release in response to drop in blood pressure
40
What enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II
Angiotensin converting enzyme
41
Angiotensin II stimulates?
Aldosterone production and release from adrenal cortex
42
In addition to aldosterone production and release, angiotensin II causes?
1. Vasoconstriction 2. Na+ and water retention
43
How do angiotensin II and aldosterone increase blood pressure?
1. Increased blood volume 2. Vasoconstriction
44
T3 full name
Tri-iodo-thyronine
45
T3 is released in response to?
Cold and stress
46
T3 origin
1. Thyroid gland synthesizes and stores prohormone thyroxine (T4) 2. 1 iodine removed → T3 generated
47
2 T3 carrier proteins
1. Thyroxine-binding prealbumin 2. Thyroxine-binding globulin
48
T3 effect
1. Thermogenesis 2. Mobilization of fat and protein
49
How does T3 cause thermogenesis, mobilization of fat and protein?
General **increase in metabolism**: increased O2 consumption and ventilation
50
TRH stands for?
Thyrotropin releasing hormone
51
TRH is released by?
Hypothalamus
52
TRH is released from hypothalamus in response to?
Cold and stress
53
After being released from the hypothalamus, TRH goes where?
Bloodstream → pituitary gland
54
TRH causes relase of?
TSH
55
TSH stands for? And is also called?
Thyroid stimulating hormone Thyrotropin
56
TSH is released from?
Pituitary
57
TSH stimulates what gland?
Thyroid
58
TSH stimulates the thyroid gland to release?
Thyroid hormone
59
Thyroid hormone released from thyroid gland in response to TSH stimulus consists of?
1. **T3** 2. **T4** (prohormone thyroxin)
60
How is T4 converted to T3?
De-iodinases
61
De-iodinases are mainly located where?
Kidney and liver
62
T4 feedback?
Negative → inhibits TSH release from pituitary gland
63
Feline hyperthyroidism presentation
1. Weight loss (despite good appetite) 2. Tachycardia 3. Hyperexcitability 4. Vomiting/diarrhea 5. Poor hair coat
64
Feline hyperthyroidism diagnosis
1. Rule out other diseases 2. Determine plasma levels of T4
65
Feline hyperthyroidism prevalance
Most common endocrine disorder in older cats
66
Feline hyperthyroidism environmental causes
1. Longer livespan 2. Exposure to chemicals
67
Chemical which can cause feline hyperthyroidism
Polybrominated diphenyl ethers (**PBDEs**) → flame retardants
68
Feline hyperthyroidism is most often caused by?
Thyroid adenoma
69
Only 2% of cats with hyperthyroidism are diagnosed with?
Thyroid adenocarcinoma
70
Feline hyperthyroidism treatment
1. **Methimazole** (tapazol) 2. Surgical **removal of thyroid** gland 3. **Radio-iodine** tratement
71
Methimazole (tapazol)
Inhibits T3/T4 production
72
Why are phosphate groups used so often?
Availability of ATP as phosphate donor
73
3 AAs containing -OH groups, likely to gain phosphate
1. Serine 2. Threonine 3. Tyrosine
74
Kinase
Phosphorylates
75
Phosphatase
Dephosphorylates
76
6 serine/threonine kinases
1. **A**-kinase 2. **C**-kinase 3. **G**-kinase 4. **CaM** kinase 5. **MAP**-kinase 6. **IKB** kinase
77
CaM kinase stands for?
Calmodulin-activated kinase
78
MAP-kinase stands for?
Mitogen-activated protein kinase
79
Examples of tyrosine kinases
1. Insulin receptor 2. Many growth factor receptors 3. SRC 4. JAK
80
How does signaling via steroid hormones lead to more than one round of transcription?
1. Steroid hormone receptor complex **activates primary response genes** 2. Primary response **proteins are synthesized** 3. Primary response **proteins shut off primary response gene** 4. Primary response proteins **turn on secondary response genes**

Physiology Exam 4 (10 decks)

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