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Physiology Exam 4 > Enzyme-Linked Receptors > Flashcards

Enzyme-Linked Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

ANF stands for?

Is the same as?

A

Atrio-natriodiuretic factor

ANP

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2
Q

ANP stands for?

A

Atrio-natriodiuretic peptide

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3
Q

ANP receptor structure

A
  1. Single membrane spanning protein
  2. Extracellular receptor binding domain
  3. Intracellular guanylyl cyclase domain
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4
Q

Guaylyl cylase monomer

A

Inactive

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5
Q

ANP binding to receptor initiates?

A

Dimerization of GC (guanylyl cyclase)

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6
Q

Dimerization of GC

A

Activates ANP receptor

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7
Q

Activated GC on ANP receptor catalyzes?

A

Generation of cGMP from GTP

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8
Q

cGMP activates?

A

Protein kinase G

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9
Q

Protein kinase G does what?

A

Phosphorylates proteins

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10
Q

Proteins phosphorylated by protein kinase G do what?

A

Mediate hormone function

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11
Q

ANF is released from?

A

Secretory granula in atria of heart

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12
Q

ANF is released in response to?

A

Increase in pressure

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13
Q

ANF receptors are located where?

A
  1. Adrenal gland
  2. Kidney cells
  3. Vascular smooth muscle cells
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14
Q

ANF in the adrenal gland does what?

A

Inhibits aldosterone production and release → decreases blood volume (via decrease in Na+ and water retention)

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15
Q

ANF in kidney does what?

A
  1. Reduces renin secretion
  2. Inhibits Na+ and water retention → reduction of blood volume
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16
Q

ANF in blood vessels causes?

A

Vasodilation via relaxation of smooth muscle cells

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17
Q

Overall, how does ANF cause decrease in blood pressure?

A
  1. Reduction in blood volume (adrenal gland and kidneys)
  2. Vasodilation (blood vessels)
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18
Q

Insulin receptor consists of?

A

2 extracellular subunits, 2 membrane spanning subunits

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19
Q

The 2 extracellular subunits of insulin receptor contain?

A

Hormone binding domains

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20
Q

The 2 membrane spanning subunits of insulin receptor contain?

A

Tyrosine kinase domains

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21
Q

Bind of insulin to receptor causes?

A

Activation of receptor

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22
Q

How does insulin activate its receptor?

A

Auto-phosphorylation of cytosolic tyrosine kinase domains

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23
Q

2 pathways activated insulin receptor can signal through

A
  1. IRS1 pathway
  2. MAPK pathway
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24
Q

IRS1 stands for?

A

Insulin receptor substrate 1

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25
Q

IRS1-pathway is in what tissues?

A
  1. Skeletal muscle
  2. Adipose
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26
Q

Activated insulin receptor associates with IRS-1 to cause?

A

PI3K activation

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27
Q

PI3K stands for?

A

Phospho-inositol-3-kinase

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28
Q

PI3K mediates?

A

Fusion of vesicle containing GLUT4

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29
Q

GLUT4 mediates?

A

Glucose uptake into cell

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30
Q

MAPK stands for?

A

Mitogen activated protein kinase

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31
Q

Activated insulin receptor initiates MAPK pathway by activating?

A

Adapter protein SOS

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32
Q

SOS stands for?

A

Son of sevenless

33
Q

SOS activates?

A

RAS

34
Q

How does SOS activate RAS?

A

Promotes GTP-bound form

35
Q

RAS-GTP activates?

A

MAP-kinase pathway

36
Q

Is MAP-kinase pathway only involved with the insulin receptor?

A

No, it’s common to many receptors

37
Q

Phorphorylated MAPK does what?

A

Translocates into nucleus and activates transcription of early genes

38
Q

Early genes activated by phosphorylated MAPK

A
  1. myc
  2. jun
  3. fos
39
Q

Jun and fos proteins do what?

A

Translocate into nucleus and activate transcription of secondary genes

40
Q

2 secondary genes related to insulin pathway activated by jun and fos

A
  1. Insulin-activated GLUT4
  2. Constitutive GLUT1
41
Q

RAS is a?

A

Proto-oncogene

42
Q

RAS belongs to a large superfamily of?

A

Monomeric GTPases

43
Q

Monomeric GTPases are involved in?

A

Relaying signals within cell to nucleus, cytoskeleton and secretory machinery

44
Q

Activated “on” form of RAS

A

Bound to GTP

45
Q

Inactive “off” form of RAS

A

Bound to GDP

46
Q

RAS intrinsic GTPase activity is often enhanced by?

A

Accessory protein

47
Q

MAPK is part of a signaling pathway which leads to?

A

Cell proliferation

48
Q

Why is RAS a proto-oncogene

A

Mutated RAS (lacking GTPase activity) can cause excessive cell proliferation

49
Q

IDD stands for?

A

Insulin deficient diabetes (Type I)

50
Q

IDD is caused by?

A

Defective pancreatic beta cells → insufficient insulin secretion

51
Q

An animal with IDD will have ___ insulin levels

A

Low insulin

52
Q

IRD stands for?

A

Insulin resistant diabetes (Type II)

53
Q

IRD is caused by?

A

Defective insulin receptors/signaling in peripheral tissues → increased insulin resistance

54
Q

An animal with IRD will have ___ insulin levels

A

Normal or high insulin

55
Q

Diabetes presentation

A
  1. Weight loss
  2. PU/PD
  3. Weakness
56
Q

Diabetes pathology

A
  1. Hyperglycemia
  2. Glucosuria hyperlipemia
  3. Ketonuria
  4. Uremia
57
Q

Erythropoietin receptor consists of?

A

Single membrane spanning protein with extracellular hormone binding domain

58
Q

Which domain of the erythropoietin receptor does not have tyrosine-kinase activity?

A

Cytosolic domain

59
Q

Binding of erythropoietin to receptor results in?

A
  1. Dimerization of receptor
  2. Binding of non-receptor tyrosine-kinase
60
Q

JAK2 stands for?

A

Janus kinase

61
Q

Example of non-receptor tyrosine-kinase which binds to erythropoietin receptor

A

JAK2

62
Q

What happens when JAK2 binds to erythropoietin receptor?

A

Phosphorylates itself and the receptor

63
Q

2 pathways the activated receptor/tyrosine kinase complex can signal

A
  1. JAK2/STAT pathway
  2. MAPK pathway
64
Q

How does activated receptor/tyrosine kinase complex initiate the JAK2/STAT pathway?

A

Activates STAT5

65
Q

STAT stands for?

A

Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription

66
Q

How does activated receptor/tyrosine kinase activate STAT5?

A

Phosphorylation

67
Q

Activated STAT5 does what?

A

Translocates into nucleus → activates anti-apoptosis gene transcription

68
Q

Example of gene activated by STAT5 to prevent apoptosis

A

bcl-2

69
Q

How does activated receptor/tyrosine kinase activate MAPK pathway?

A

Activates adapter protein SOS

70
Q

Cyclin D function

A

Necessary for cell division

71
Q

How is cyclin D transcription activated?

A

By proteins fos and jun produced by JAK2/MAPK pathway

72
Q

EPO stands for?

A

Erythropoietin

73
Q

EPO is produced mainly by?

A

Kidney

74
Q

Production of EPO is stimulated by?

A

Reduction in oxygen partial pressure

Ex: low erythrocyte count, high altitude

75
Q

EPO does what?

A

Increases number of erythrocytes

76
Q

How does EPO increase number of erythrocytes?

A

Stimulates proliferation of erythroprogenitor cells in bone marrow

77
Q

How can low endogenous EPO levels be trated?

A

rhEPO (recombinant human EPO)

78
Q

Side-effects of EPO misuse

A

Blood viscosity → risk of embolism (Caused by increase in number of erythrocytes)

79
Q
A

Physiology Exam 4 (10 decks)

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