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Physiology Exam 4 > Enzyme-Linked Receptors > Flashcards

Enzyme-Linked Receptors Flashcards

1
Q

ANF stands for?

Is the same as?

A

Atrio-natriodiuretic factor

ANP

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2
Q

ANP stands for?

A

Atrio-natriodiuretic peptide

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3
Q

ANP receptor structure

A
  1. Single membrane spanning protein
  2. Extracellular receptor binding domain
  3. Intracellular guanylyl cyclase domain
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4
Q

Guaylyl cylase monomer

A

Inactive

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5
Q

ANP binding to receptor initiates?

A

Dimerization of GC (guanylyl cyclase)

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6
Q

Dimerization of GC

A

Activates ANP receptor

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7
Q

Activated GC on ANP receptor catalyzes?

A

Generation of cGMP from GTP

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8
Q

cGMP activates?

A

Protein kinase G

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9
Q

Protein kinase G does what?

A

Phosphorylates proteins

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10
Q

Proteins phosphorylated by protein kinase G do what?

A

Mediate hormone function

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11
Q

ANF is released from?

A

Secretory granula in atria of heart

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12
Q

ANF is released in response to?

A

Increase in pressure

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13
Q

ANF receptors are located where?

A
  1. Adrenal gland
  2. Kidney cells
  3. Vascular smooth muscle cells
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14
Q

ANF in the adrenal gland does what?

A

Inhibits aldosterone production and release → decreases blood volume (via decrease in Na+ and water retention)

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15
Q

ANF in kidney does what?

A
  1. Reduces renin secretion
  2. Inhibits Na+ and water retention → reduction of blood volume
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16
Q

ANF in blood vessels causes?

A

Vasodilation via relaxation of smooth muscle cells

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17
Q

Overall, how does ANF cause decrease in blood pressure?

A
  1. Reduction in blood volume (adrenal gland and kidneys)
  2. Vasodilation (blood vessels)
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18
Q

Insulin receptor consists of?

A

2 extracellular subunits, 2 membrane spanning subunits

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19
Q

The 2 extracellular subunits of insulin receptor contain?

A

Hormone binding domains

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20
Q

The 2 membrane spanning subunits of insulin receptor contain?

A

Tyrosine kinase domains

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21
Q

Bind of insulin to receptor causes?

A

Activation of receptor

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22
Q

How does insulin activate its receptor?

A

Auto-phosphorylation of cytosolic tyrosine kinase domains

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23
Q

2 pathways activated insulin receptor can signal through

A
  1. IRS1 pathway
  2. MAPK pathway
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24
Q

IRS1 stands for?

A

Insulin receptor substrate 1

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25
IRS1-pathway is in what tissues?
1. Skeletal muscle 2. Adipose
26
Activated insulin receptor associates with IRS-1 to cause?
PI3K activation
27
PI3K stands for?
Phospho-inositol-3-kinase
28
PI3K mediates?
Fusion of vesicle containing GLUT4
29
GLUT4 mediates?
Glucose uptake into cell
30
MAPK stands for?
Mitogen activated protein kinase
31
Activated insulin receptor initiates MAPK pathway by activating?
Adapter protein SOS
32
SOS stands for?
Son of sevenless
33
SOS activates?
RAS
34
How does SOS activate RAS?
Promotes GTP-bound form
35
RAS-GTP activates?
MAP-kinase pathway
36
Is MAP-kinase pathway only involved with the insulin receptor?
No, it's common to many receptors
37
Phorphorylated MAPK does what?
Translocates **into nucleus** and **activates transcription** of early genes
38
Early genes activated by phosphorylated MAPK
1. myc 2. jun 3. fos
39
Jun and fos proteins do what?
Translocate **into nucleus** and **activate transcription** of **secondary** genes
40
2 secondary genes related to insulin pathway activated by jun and fos
1. Insulin-activated GLUT4 2. Constitutive GLUT1
41
RAS is a?
Proto-oncogene
42
RAS belongs to a large superfamily of?
Monomeric GTPases
43
Monomeric GTPases are involved in?
**Relaying signals within cell** to nucleus, cytoskeleton and secretory machinery
44
Activated "on" form of RAS
Bound to GTP
45
Inactive "off" form of RAS
Bound to GDP
46
RAS intrinsic GTPase activity is often enhanced by?
Accessory protein
47
MAPK is part of a signaling pathway which leads to?
Cell proliferation
48
Why is RAS a proto-oncogene
Mutated RAS (lacking GTPase activity) can cause excessive cell proliferation
49
IDD stands for?
Insulin **deficient** diabetes (Type I)
50
IDD is caused by?
Defective pancreatic beta cells → insufficient insulin secretion
51
An animal with IDD will have ___ insulin levels
Low insulin
52
IRD stands for?
Insulin **resistant** diabetes (Type II)
53
IRD is caused by?
Defective insulin receptors/signaling in peripheral tissues → increased **insulin resistance**
54
An animal with IRD will have ___ insulin levels
Normal or high insulin
55
Diabetes presentation
1. Weight loss 2. PU/PD 3. Weakness
56
Diabetes pathology
1. Hyperglycemia 2. Glucosuria hyperlipemia 3. Ketonuria 4. Uremia
57
Erythropoietin receptor consists of?
**Single membrane spanning protein** with **extracellular hormone binding domain**
58
Which domain of the erythropoietin receptor does not have tyrosine-kinase activity?
Cytosolic domain
59
Binding of erythropoietin to receptor results in?
1. **Dimerization** of receptor 2. **Binding of non-receptor tyrosine-kinase**
60
JAK2 stands for?
Janus kinase
61
Example of non-receptor tyrosine-kinase which binds to erythropoietin receptor
JAK2
62
What happens when JAK2 binds to erythropoietin receptor?
Phosphorylates itself and the receptor
63
2 pathways the activated receptor/tyrosine kinase complex can signal
1. **JAK2/STAT** pathway 2. **MAPK** pathway
64
How does activated receptor/tyrosine kinase complex initiate the JAK2/STAT pathway?
Activates STAT5
65
STAT stands for?
Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription
66
How does activated receptor/tyrosine kinase activate STAT5?
Phosphorylation
67
Activated STAT5 does what?
Translocates into nucleus → activates anti-apoptosis gene transcription
68
Example of gene activated by STAT5 to prevent apoptosis
bcl-2
69
How does activated receptor/tyrosine kinase activate MAPK pathway?
Activates adapter protein SOS
70
Cyclin D function
Necessary for cell division
71
How is cyclin D transcription activated?
By proteins fos and jun produced by JAK2/MAPK pathway
72
EPO stands for?
Erythropoietin
73
EPO is produced mainly by?
Kidney
74
Production of EPO is stimulated by?
Reduction in oxygen partial pressure Ex: low erythrocyte count, high altitude
75
EPO does what?
Increases number of erythrocytes
76
How does EPO increase number of erythrocytes?
Stimulates **proliferation of erythroprogenitor cells** in bone marrow
77
How can low endogenous EPO levels be trated?
rhEPO (recombinant human EPO)
78
Side-effects of EPO misuse
**Blood viscosity** → risk of embolism (Caused by increase in number of erythrocytes)
79

Physiology Exam 4 (10 decks)

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