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Physiology Exam 4 > Oncogenes & Apoptosis > Flashcards

Oncogenes & Apoptosis Flashcards

1
Q

Apoptosis leads to removal of cells which are?

A
  1. Redundant
  2. Damaged
  3. Obsolete
  4. Harmful
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2
Q

Alteration in the apoptosis program plays a role in?

A
  1. Development of cancer
  2. Autoimmune diseases
  3. Neurodegenerative disorders
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3
Q

Homeostasis

A

Mitosis = Apoptosis

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4
Q

Neoplasia

A

Mitosis > Apoptosis

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5
Q

Degeneration

A

Apoptosis > Mitosis

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6
Q

How is apoptosis different from necrosis?

A

Apoptosis: cell shrinking → no inflammation (cleaner)

Necrosis: cell swelling → inflammation

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7
Q

4 stages of apoptosis

A
  1. Death triggers
  2. Integration stage
  3. Execution
  4. Clean-up
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8
Q

5 death triggers

A
  1. Lack of survival factors, growth factors or hormones
  2. Programmed or nurturing-dependent cell death in development
  3. DNA-damage
  4. Death ligands and receptors
  5. Oxidative stress
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9
Q

Example of lack of survival factor

A

Lack of EPO → death of erythropoietic stem cell via lack of anti-apoptoic factor Bcl-2

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10
Q

Example of programmed cell death

A

Unused brain neurons die via expression of pro-apoptoic factor Bax

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11
Q

Example of DNA-damage

A

Apoptosis via p53 and Bax

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12
Q

Example of death ligands and receptors

A
  1. FasL

2. Fas

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13
Q

2 pathways associated with integration stage

A
  1. Death receptor pathway

2. Mitochondrial pathway

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14
Q

Death receptor pathway via?

A

Caspase 8

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15
Q

Mitochondrial pathway via?

A

Caspase 9

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16
Q

Activation of execution caspases 3, 6, and 7 leads to?

A

Activation of:

  1. Proteases that cleave cytoskeleton
  2. Endonocleuses cleave DNA
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17
Q

Execution leads to?

A

Fragmentation into apoptotic bodies that bear “eat-me” signals

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18
Q

Example of execution factors

A

Execution caspases 3, 6 and 7

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19
Q

What is “clean-up”?

A

Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies by macrophages and/or neighboring cells

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20
Q

DISC stands for?

A

Death inducing signaling complex

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21
Q

What is DISC?

A

Trimeric complex formed by FasL binding to Fas and association with FADD and procaspase 8

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22
Q

FasL

A

Fas ligand

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23
Q

Fas

A

Fas receptor

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24
Q

FADD stands for?

A

Fas associated protein with death domain

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25
Q

Procaspase is?

A

Precurose of a caspase

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26
Q

What is a caspase?

A

Cys-Asp protease

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27
Q

Fas-FasL Death receptor pathway initiated by?

A

DISC

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28
Q

DISC releases?

A

Initiator caspase 8

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29
Q

What activates execution caspases 3, 6 and 7 to carry out apoptosis?

A

Initiator caspases 8 and 9

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30
Q

Fas-FasL pathway plays role in?

A
  1. Inflammation
  2. Immunology (termination of immune responses)
  3. Cancer biology
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31
Q

Activated cytotoxic T-cells express?

A

FasL to send cells into apoptosis

32
Q

Autocrine suicide aka?

A

Juxtracrine fratricide

33
Q

What is autocrine suicide?

A

Cells kill each other via FasL-Fas

34
Q

How is mitochondrial death pathway via Bax initiated?

A

Pro-apoptoic signaling molecule Bax is transcribed

35
Q

After being transcribed, Bax does what?

A
  1. Enters outer mitochondrial membrane

2. Opens pore which allows cytochrome C to enter cytoplasm

36
Q

Cytochrome C is normally bound to?

A

Outer leaflet of inner membrane

37
Q

Apoptosis or necrosis requires normal ATP levels?

A

Apoptosis

38
Q

Opening of pore is favored by?

A
  1. Ca2+ overload of mitochondria
  2. Oxidative stress
  3. Low cytosolic ATP levels
39
Q

Apoptosome is formed by?

A

Association of:

  1. Cytochrome C
  2. Apaf-1
  3. Procaspase 9
40
Q

Apaf-1 stands for?

A

Apoptosis protease activating factor

41
Q

Procaspase 9 releases?

A

Initiator caspase 9

42
Q

Modest DNA damage can be?

A

Irradiation or cytotoxic

43
Q

Modest DNA damage leads to?

A

Transcription of p53

44
Q

p53 is a?

A

Tumor suppressor

45
Q

Tumor suppressor p53 induces?

A

Transcription of Bax → initiates apoptosis via mitochondrial death pathway

46
Q

Prevention of apoptoic cell death is initiated by?

A

Transcription of anti-apoptoic signaling molecule Bcl-2

47
Q

After being transribed, Bcl-2 does what?

A
  1. Enters outer mitochondrial membrane
  2. Hinders opening of pore

→ prevents apoptosis via mitochondrial death pathway

48
Q

What is prot-oncogene?

A

Genes which code for signaling molecules involved in regulation of cell growth and prevention of apoptosis

49
Q

Oncogones

A

Mutated and/or overexpressed proto-oncogenes

50
Q

How do oncogenes arise?

A
  1. Spontaneously

2. Introduced by retro-viruses

51
Q

Examples of signaling molecules coded by oncogenes

A
  1. ras (growth regulation)

2. bcl-2 (prevention of apoptosis)

52
Q

What are tumor suppressor genes?

A

Genes which code for signaling molecules involved in growth suppression

53
Q

Examples of tumor suppressor genes

A
  1. p53

2. pRB

54
Q

Oncogene RAS is?

A

Mutated proto-oncogene RAS

55
Q

Oncogene RAS lacks?

A

GTPase activity necessary for termination of proliferation signals → excessive cell proliferation → cancer

56
Q

Example of growth factor

A

sis

57
Q

sis is similar to?

A

PDGF

58
Q

PDGF stands for?

A

Platelet derived growth factor

59
Q

Overexpression of sis is associated with?

A

Human cancers

60
Q

7 types of oncogenes

A
  1. Growth factors
  2. Growth factor receptors
  3. Signal transduction proteins
  4. Nuclear transcription factors
  5. Cell cycle regulators
  6. Tumor suppressor genes
  7. Anti-apoptosis genes
61
Q

Example of growth factor receptor

A

erb B

62
Q

erb B is similar to?

A

PDGF receptor

63
Q

Overexpression of erb B is associated with?

A

Canine mammary carcinomas

64
Q

Examples of signal transduction proteins

A
  1. ras

2. src

65
Q

Mutation of ras is associated with?

A

Many human and animal cancers

66
Q

Mutation of tyrosine kinase src is associated with?

A

Cancers in chicken

67
Q

Examples of nuclear transcription factors

A
  1. myc
  2. jun
  3. fos
68
Q

Overexpression of myc, jun and fos is associated with?

A

Human and animal cancers

69
Q

Example of cell cycle regulators

A

Cyclin D

70
Q

Amplification of cyclin D is associated with?

A

Human breast cancer

71
Q

Example of tumor suppressor genes

A
  1. pRB

2. p53

72
Q

Mutation in pRB is associated with?

A

Retinoblastomas and osteosarcomas in humans

73
Q

p53 is associated with?

A

Many human and animal cancers

74
Q

Example of anti-apoptosis gene

A

bcl-2

75
Q

High levels of bcl-2 associated with?

A

B-cell leukemias and lymphomas → shiels them from apoptosis when attacked by cytotoxic T-cells

76
Q

4 parts of retroviruse

A
  1. RNA
  2. Reverse transcriptase (RT)
  3. Capsid
  4. Envelope
77
Q

Reverse transcriptase does?

A

Makes DNA from RNA template

Physiology Exam 4 (10 decks)

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