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Physiology Exam 4 > Oncogenes & Apoptosis > Flashcards

Oncogenes & Apoptosis Flashcards

1
Q

Apoptosis leads to removal of cells which are?

A
  1. Redundant
  2. Damaged
  3. Obsolete
  4. Harmful
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2
Q

Alteration in the apoptosis program plays a role in?

A
  1. Development of cancer
  2. Autoimmune diseases
  3. Neurodegenerative disorders
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3
Q

Homeostasis

A

Mitosis = Apoptosis

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4
Q

Neoplasia

A

Mitosis > Apoptosis

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5
Q

Degeneration

A

Apoptosis > Mitosis

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6
Q

How is apoptosis different from necrosis?

A

Apoptosis: cell shrinking → no inflammation (cleaner)

Necrosis: cell swelling → inflammation

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7
Q

4 stages of apoptosis

A
  1. Death triggers
  2. Integration stage
  3. Execution
  4. Clean-up
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8
Q

5 death triggers

A
  1. Lack of survival factors, growth factors or hormones
  2. Programmed or nurturing-dependent cell death in development
  3. DNA-damage
  4. Death ligands and receptors
  5. Oxidative stress
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9
Q

Example of lack of survival factor

A

Lack of EPO → death of erythropoietic stem cell via lack of anti-apoptoic factor Bcl-2

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10
Q

Example of programmed cell death

A

Unused brain neurons die via expression of pro-apoptoic factor Bax

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11
Q

Example of DNA-damage

A

Apoptosis via p53 and Bax

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12
Q

Example of death ligands and receptors

A
  1. FasL

2. Fas

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13
Q

2 pathways associated with integration stage

A
  1. Death receptor pathway

2. Mitochondrial pathway

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14
Q

Death receptor pathway via?

A

Caspase 8

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15
Q

Mitochondrial pathway via?

A

Caspase 9

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16
Q

Activation of execution caspases 3, 6, and 7 leads to?

A

Activation of:

  1. Proteases that cleave cytoskeleton
  2. Endonocleuses cleave DNA
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17
Q

Execution leads to?

A

Fragmentation into apoptotic bodies that bear “eat-me” signals

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18
Q

Example of execution factors

A

Execution caspases 3, 6 and 7

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19
Q

What is “clean-up”?

A

Phagocytosis of apoptotic bodies by macrophages and/or neighboring cells

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20
Q

DISC stands for?

A

Death inducing signaling complex

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21
Q

What is DISC?

A

Trimeric complex formed by FasL binding to Fas and association with FADD and procaspase 8

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22
Q

FasL

A

Fas ligand

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23
Q

Fas

A

Fas receptor

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24
Q

FADD stands for?

A

Fas associated protein with death domain

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25
Procaspase is?
Precurose of a caspase
26
What is a caspase?
Cys-Asp protease
27
Fas-FasL Death receptor pathway initiated by?
DISC
28
DISC releases?
Initiator caspase 8
29
What activates execution caspases 3, 6 and 7 to carry out apoptosis?
Initiator caspases 8 and 9
30
Fas-FasL pathway plays role in?
1. Inflammation 2. Immunology (termination of immune responses) 3. Cancer biology
31
Activated cytotoxic T-cells express?
FasL to send cells into apoptosis
32
Autocrine suicide aka?
Juxtracrine fratricide
33
What is autocrine suicide?
Cells kill each other via FasL-Fas
34
How is mitochondrial death pathway via Bax initiated?
Pro-apoptoic signaling molecule Bax is transcribed
35
After being transcribed, Bax does what?
1. Enters outer mitochondrial membrane | 2. Opens pore which allows cytochrome C to enter cytoplasm
36
Cytochrome C is normally bound to?
Outer leaflet of inner membrane
37
Apoptosis or necrosis requires normal ATP levels?
Apoptosis
38
Opening of pore is favored by?
1. Ca2+ overload of mitochondria 2. Oxidative stress 3. Low cytosolic ATP levels
39
Apoptosome is formed by?
Association of: 1. Cytochrome C 2. Apaf-1 3. Procaspase 9
40
Apaf-1 stands for?
Apoptosis protease activating factor
41
Procaspase 9 releases?
Initiator caspase 9
42
Modest DNA damage can be?
Irradiation or cytotoxic
43
Modest DNA damage leads to?
Transcription of p53
44
p53 is a?
Tumor suppressor
45
Tumor suppressor p53 induces?
Transcription of Bax → initiates apoptosis via mitochondrial death pathway
46
Prevention of apoptoic cell death is initiated by?
Transcription of anti-apoptoic signaling molecule Bcl-2
47
After being transribed, Bcl-2 does what?
1. Enters outer mitochondrial membrane 2. Hinders opening of pore → prevents apoptosis via mitochondrial death pathway
48
What is prot-oncogene?
Genes which code for signaling molecules involved in regulation of cell growth and prevention of apoptosis
49
Oncogones
Mutated and/or overexpressed proto-oncogenes
50
How do oncogenes arise?
1. Spontaneously | 2. Introduced by retro-viruses
51
Examples of signaling molecules coded by oncogenes
1. ras (growth regulation) | 2. bcl-2 (prevention of apoptosis)
52
What are tumor suppressor genes?
Genes which code for signaling molecules involved in growth suppression
53
Examples of tumor suppressor genes
1. p53 | 2. pRB
54
Oncogene RAS is?
Mutated proto-oncogene RAS
55
Oncogene RAS lacks?
GTPase activity necessary for termination of proliferation signals → excessive cell proliferation → cancer
56
Example of growth factor
sis
57
sis is similar to?
PDGF
58
PDGF stands for?
Platelet derived growth factor
59
Overexpression of sis is associated with?
Human cancers
60
7 types of oncogenes
1. Growth factors 2. Growth factor receptors 3. Signal transduction proteins 4. Nuclear transcription factors 5. Cell cycle regulators 6. Tumor suppressor genes 7. Anti-apoptosis genes
61
Example of growth factor receptor
erb B
62
erb B is similar to?
PDGF receptor
63
Overexpression of erb B is associated with?
Canine mammary carcinomas
64
Examples of signal transduction proteins
1. ras | 2. src
65
Mutation of ras is associated with?
Many human and animal cancers
66
Mutation of tyrosine kinase src is associated with?
Cancers in chicken
67
Examples of nuclear transcription factors
1. myc 2. jun 3. fos
68
Overexpression of myc, jun and fos is associated with?
Human and animal cancers
69
Example of cell cycle regulators
Cyclin D
70
Amplification of cyclin D is associated with?
Human breast cancer
71
Example of tumor suppressor genes
1. pRB | 2. p53
72
Mutation in pRB is associated with?
Retinoblastomas and osteosarcomas in humans
73
p53 is associated with?
Many human and animal cancers
74
Example of anti-apoptosis gene
bcl-2
75
High levels of bcl-2 associated with?
B-cell leukemias and lymphomas → shiels them from apoptosis when attacked by cytotoxic T-cells
76
4 parts of retroviruse
1. RNA 2. Reverse transcriptase (RT) 3. Capsid 4. Envelope
77
Reverse transcriptase does?
Makes DNA from RNA template

Physiology Exam 4 (10 decks)

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