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Microbiology > Sterilization And Disinfection > Flashcards

Sterilization And Disinfection Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what is disinfection

A

reduction in the number of microbes present

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2
Q

What is required before disinfection

A

decontamination/sanitizing

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3
Q

what is high level disinfection

A

destroys tough organisms (e.g., bacterial spores, tubercle bacilli, and viruses) given enough time

They are chemically sterilants

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4
Q

What is sterilization

A

the elimination of all forms of life (except prions)

An absolute term cant be partially sterile

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5
Q

what is decontamination used for

A

cleaning to remove debris, blood, proteinaceous material and other soiling

reduces organic material that might interfere with subsequent disinfections or sterilization

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6
Q

What is microbial death rate

A

reduction in bacterial numbers is logarithmic and the proportion killed is constant for a particular set of conditions. until low numbers are left

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7
Q

what do disinfectants target

A

protein denaturation or by membrane damage

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8
Q

What part of the structure is loss by denaturation

A

secondary and tertiary structure leading to loss of function

Same sequence of aa but loses its structure which is irreversible (ex. egg analogy)

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9
Q

What are the different methods of disinfection

A
  1. Using Chemicals (antiseptics, or disinfectants)
  2. Pasteratzation (adding moderate heat)
  3. Preservation (drying, osmotic methods like adding sugar)
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10
Q

For chemical disinfectant do we want a high or low concentration of the disinfectant, 70% vs 100% alc

A

Higher is not always better

ex. 70% alc is more affective than 100% alc
100% alc prevents the organisms from destroying itself and preserves it so it can layer regrow, at 70% alc it damages it so the organism cant regrow

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11
Q

What are important factors that need to be considered for disinfectant activity

A

the concentration

the time of exposure (ex. takes time for something to actually be considered disinfected its not immediate)

the number and type of microbes present (the tougher the organism the longer it takes to destroy)

Nature of material (ex. we don’t want to disinfect electronics)

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12
Q

What time of disinfectants target the cell membrane

A

detergents

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13
Q

What time of disinfectants target proteins

A

alcohol

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14
Q

What are the two types of chemical disinfectants and what are they used on

A
  1. antiseptics - used on skin (ex. alcohol and iodine)
  2. disinfectants - used on inanimate objects (may kill bacteria or prevent growth)
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15
Q

when are low level disinfectants used

A

will kill vegetative (actively growing) bacteria, enveloped viruses and some fungi

used for routine cleaning and non critical equipment cleaning ( floor, wall, chairs)

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16
Q

when are intermediate disinfectant used

A

will kill all bacterial pathogens expect spores, most fungi, and most viruses

used for areas of high risk of contamination or on equipment coming into contact with mucous membranes

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17
Q

What is considered critical equipment and how is it cleaned

A

enters sterile tissues (vascular system)

Cleaning followed by sterilization

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18
Q

What are examples of critical equipment

A

surgical instruments, biopsy instruments, foot care equipment

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19
Q

What is considered semicritical equipment and how is it cleaned

A

equipment that comes in contact with nonintact skin or mucous membranes but not penetrate them

Cleaning followed by high level disinfection

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20
Q

what are examples of semicritcal equipment

A

respiratory therapy equipment

anaesthesia equipment

Tonomoters

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21
Q

What is considered noncritical equipment

A

equipment that touches sonly intact skin and not mucous membranes or does not directly touch the patient

Cleaning followed by ;ow-level disinfection

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22
Q

What are examples of noncritical equipment

A

ECG machines, oximeters, bedpans, urinals and commodes

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23
Q

does alcohol kill bacterial spores

A

no, handwashing is more effective

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24
Q

what types of alcohol are used as a disinfectant

A

proposal usually bot also ethanol

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25
Q

what is a phenol based disinfectant

A

its disrupts the cell membranes and precipitate proteins

as it is chemically toxic it is chemically altered and phenolics are used

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26
Q

what are oxidizing disinfectants and what is a common example

A

halogens (fluorine, chlorine, iodine) act by oxidation of enzymes

5.25% hypochlorite, javex (bleach)

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27
Q

what is 5.25% hypochlorite made of mainly

A

chlorine

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28
Q

what happens after a preparation is opened

A

activity drops once its open

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29
Q

when is 5.25% hypochlorite used

A

often used for handling blood spills

Inactivated by organic material, dont dilute in blood spills

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30
Q

what is the danger with chlorine

A

if it becomes acidified

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31
Q

what happens if you wash metal

A

corrosion leading to oxidation

32
Q

when is hydrogen peroxide used

A

H2O2 is used as a chemical sterilants at 30% [ ], detergent properties/cleaning abilities in wipes of solution, used on cuts as a disinfectant at 0/5-0.6% [ ]

33
Q

what does H2O2 and acetic acid give

A

peracetic acid (powerful disinfectant)

34
Q

What does H2O2 and formic acid make

A

performed acid (powerful disinfectant)

35
Q

What are the benefits of acid and peroxides

A

powerful disinfectants that are highly reactive (intermediate to high level)

they are not affected by protein or enzymes

36
Q

What is quaternary ammonium

A

a quat possibly disrupts membranes (they are low level disinfectants)

wipes used for detergent/cleaning activity

37
Q

what is the purpose of heavy metals in disinfectants

A

copper, silver and lead can be incorporated into ointments, medical devices

(e.g., uriniary catheters)

38
Q

What is UV disinfection

A

UV light (wavelength 254 nm) is used

Used for water, wastewater, air and surface disinfectants, now used in terminal rooms at hospitals or in biological safety cabinets

39
Q

Can resistance develop with antiseptics

A

yes

40
Q

what are iodophors

A

used for skin disinfection, not as severe as iodine

41
Q

what are chlorhexidine

A

used for skin disinfection and hand washing

42
Q

what is triclosan

A

used for hand washing often in soap

43
Q

what is transient flora

A

are organisms that are acquired on hands during routine work

it can include resistant organs carried by patients and transmitters easily to. others

44
Q

what is called if a healthy person carries transient flora

A

carriage

it can be eliminated by hand disinfection

45
Q

what is the single most effective infection control practice

A

hand antisepsis and alcohol

properly used kills 99.9% of bacteria

46
Q

what is best to use of hands are soiled

A

hand washing

47
Q

what is autoclaving

A

moist heat (steam) at increased pressure for a defined time, used for surgical instruments, can kill bacterial spores

47
Q

what is autoclaving

A

moist heat (steam) at increased pressure for a defined time, used for surgical instruments, can kill bacterial spores

48
Q

who invented the autoclave

A

chamberland

49
Q

What level of reprocessing is required for an instrument that comes in contact with intact skin?

A

Cleaning and low level disinfection

50
Q

Which of the following statements is true of household bleach when used a s a disinfectant?

A

it may be inactivated by blood

51
Q

Which of the following is true of UV disinfection when used as 254nm wavelength?

A

It is used for rooms after their occupation is finished

52
Q

You have been given a solid metal device to sterilize. What method would most commonly be used for this purpose in hospitals in Canada?

A

Autoclaving, level 3 lab

53
Q

Which of the following classes of chemical would you use as an antiseptic?

A

alcohol

54
Q

is moist heat or dry heat quicker

A

moist (autoclave) 121 degrees C for 15 mins

dry (oven) 350 F for 1 hour (less effective)

55
Q

when are gas and liquid used for sterilization

A

when things can’t withstand high temps

ethylene oxide, aldehydes, ozone, per acetic acid, h2o2

56
Q

when is irradiation used for sterilization

A

used on instruments, industrial process

57
Q

when is filtration used for sterilization

A

in pharmacies does not eliminate viruses

58
Q

how do you get an autoclave to work quicker

A

heating up to 340 degrees C

15 mins –> 2 mins

59
Q

How does an autoclave work

A

steam flows into the chamber

steam replaces the air

the material is exposed to the steam and its under pressure

kills bacteria after 15 mins

60
Q

when is gas sterilization used

A

used for objects damaged by heat or radiation

requires aeration step after sterilization

61
Q

what are examples of gas sterilants

A

ethylene oxide, formaldehyde gas, hydrogen peroxide vapour

cant be stopped with radiation

62
Q

what are examples of chemical sterilants

A

practice acid and glutaraldehyde

used in liquid phase

63
Q

solid –> liquid

A

melting

64
Q

liquid –> solid

A

freezing

65
Q

solid –> gas

A

sublimation

66
Q

gas –> solid

A

deposition

67
Q

liquid –> gas

A

vaporization

68
Q

gas –> liquid

A

condensation

69
Q

plasma –> gas

A

deionization

70
Q

gas –> plasma

A

ionization

71
Q

what does radiation use

A

microwaves or gamma radiation

used in industry for plastic objects, fluids, etc

72
Q

what are prions cause by

A

caused of Creutzfeldt-jacob disease and “mad cow disease”

by misfolding proteins, no nucleic acids

73
Q

where are prions found

A

neurological tissue (Brain)

74
Q

what is needed to be done with surgical instruments that have been infected with prions

A

discard them (ideal)

soak in 1N NaOH + autoclave (alkaline conditions)

Microbiology (7 decks)

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