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Microbiology > Growth And Metabolism > Flashcards

Growth And Metabolism Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

What are the requirements for bacterial growth

A

carbon source
nitrogen source
essential nutrients eg vitamins
temperature
the right atmosphere
Inorganic ions, iron
The right pH
Water

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2
Q

What type of carbon source do bacteria need

A

simple carbohydrates, sugars, proteins

Some organisms can fix CO2, by taking it out of the air and fixing it into an organic building block

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3
Q

What type of Nitrogen source do bacteria need

A

protein, peptides and amino acids, DNA, Nitrates, ammonium salts

Some organisms can fix N2

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4
Q

How do bacteria get their essential nutrients

A

some can synthesize all their needs

others need complex organic molecules, like blood or vitamins to grow this is from their human host

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5
Q

What are fastidious bacteria

A

Hard to grow in a lab because they have complex molecules that are often from the human host

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6
Q

What type of temperatures do bacteria typically grow the best in

A

At middle temperatures 20-40 degrees Celsius, called mesophiles

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7
Q

What is the lowest temperature a bacteria can grow in

A

4 degrees Celsius in the fridge

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8
Q

How does oxygen affect bacteria in aerobic organisms

A

it acts as a final electron acceptor in aerobic organisms

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9
Q

What is the superoxide radical (O2-)

A

it is toxic and very reactive it needs to be detoxified for cells to survive

Anaerobic organisms lack the means to detoxify O2- which is why they can’t survive in O2 well

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10
Q

How does Iron affect bacteria

A

it is required for enzyme action as it serves as a cofactor

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11
Q

What type of iron do bacteria need

A

the insoluble form

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12
Q

How does bacteria import Iron

A

Bacteria produce siderophores, which bind to iron ions and make it possible to import it

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13
Q

What type of pH do most organisms prefer

A

Neutral conditions

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14
Q

What type of acidity do bacteria tend to die in

A

Bacteria tend to die in acidic conditions (pH <6)

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15
Q

Why is water important in bacteria

A

Bacteria requires soluble nutrients for diffusion into the cell so need to be in watter

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16
Q

Bacteria with defective _____ can ____ in very weak solutions

A

Cell walls

Burst

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17
Q

Bacteria multiply by _____

A

Binary fission

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18
Q

What is binary fission

A

a single cell separates to from two new cells of equal size

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19
Q

What is the rate of bacterial growth limited by

A

The availability of nutrients

Temperature

Ability to remove toxic products

20
Q

The time required to divide is called the _____ for most organisms, it is measured in _____

A

generation time

minutes

21
Q

How long does it typically take bacterial colonies to grow

A

120 mins/2 hours

22
Q

What are the phases of microbial populations

A

Lag phase

Log phase

Stationary phase

Death phase

23
Q

What happens in the lag phase

A

Adaptation to environment, active synthesis of enzymes and other constituents

24
Q

What happens in the log phase

A

Rapid production, antibiotics are most active

25
Q

How created the phases of growth of microbial populations

A

T. Robert Malthus

26
Q

What happens in the stationary phase

A

Rate of reproduction equals rate of cell death

Nutrients are depleted

Toxic metabolites accumulate

27
Q

What happens in the death phase

A

death rate exceeds reproduction

28
Q

What is listeria monocytogenes

A

gets into your food can be bad if you have a weak immune system

29
Q

Listeria monocytogenes is _____ with regard of oxygen, it is a gram ____ with a ____ shape, it grows best in pH range ______

A

aerobic

Positive

Rod

4.6-9.2

30
Q

What is active transport

A

enzymes move substrate into the cell, requiring ATP

high concentration inside cell, low concentration outside cell

31
Q

In active transport, by pumping from ____ to _____ the cell organisms can become _____ to _____

A

Inside
Outside
resistant
antibiotics

32
Q

What is group translocation

A

enzymes modify a substance as it comes into the cell, energy is needed

diffusion of altered substrate is reduced

33
Q

What is facilitated diffusion

A

Enzymes aid diffusion but no energy required (passive transport)

Concentration inside does not exceed exterior concentration

34
Q

What is anabolism

A

building organic molecules using small molecules + energy

35
Q

What is catabolism

A

Breakdown of chemical nutrients with release of energy

36
Q

ATP to ADP is what type of reaction

A

catabolic

37
Q

In glycolysis, glucose is _____ to ____ this process is a ____ reaction

A

broken down

pyruvic acid

catabolic

38
Q

What is pyruvate degraded to in Kerbs cycle

A

to CO2 and H2O and more energy

39
Q

The term used for an organism that requires complex organic molecules to enable it to grow in culture is

A

fastidious

40
Q

Iron is required for bacterial growth. How do bacteria obtain iron ions?

A

production of siderophores that are taken up after binding iron ions

41
Q

production of siderophores that are taken up after binding iron ions

A

fermentation

42
Q

The number of bacteria in urine is used to determine its clinical significance. You find a sample that was not refrigerated after taking and has been out for 6 hours. Which phase of growth would prevent the interpretation of the clinical significance of this sample?

A

Log

43
Q

what is the energy yield of glycolysis and does it need O2 and where does it happen

A

Glucose –> pyruvate
2 ATP and 2 NADH

yes (anaerobic)

Cytoplasm

44
Q

What is the energy yield of pyruvate oxidation and does it need O2 and where does it happen

A

pyruvate –> acetyl-CoA + CO2

Energy yield = 2 NADH

Needs O2 (aerobic)

45
Q

What is the energy yield of the citric acid cycle and does it need O2 and where does it happen

A

Acetyl-CoA –> 2 CO2

Energy yield = 6 NADH, 2 FADH2, 2 ATP

Needs O2 (aerobic)

46
Q

What is the energy yield of the ETC

A

NADH + FADH2 –> H2O

Energy yield = 26-28 ATP

Microbiology (7 decks)

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