Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Microbiology > Pathogenicity, Virulence, And Genetics > Flashcards

Pathogenicity, Virulence, And Genetics Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

what does commensal mean

A

microbe received benefit, but there is no harm to the host

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

what is the normal flora

A

the community of organisms that normally exist on a body surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

what examples of commensal flora

A

respiratory flora, normal enteric flora(intestines) and normal skin flora

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

a microbe that received benefit and is able to cause disease if host defences are weakened is called what, give an example

A

an opportunist

ex. E.coli lives in gut and can cause urinary tract infection when the microbe is opportunistic

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

what is it called when only one side of the relationship benefits while the other is harmed

A

parasitism, flea on a dog

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is pathogenicity

A

the ability of an organism to cause a disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

what is virulence

A

the extent to which an organism can cause severe disease

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are the different ways people can spread disease

A

contact, droplets, fecal-oral, blood-borne, sexual routes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what are ways that animals can spread infection

A

contact, food-borne (eating raw food)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what are the ways infection can spread

A

microbiome

people

animals

environment

vectors and fomites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what is a vector

A

a small organism that transmits an infectious agent

only get infected if you come in contact with the vector (ex. bitten by a tick)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

what is a fomite

A

an inanimate object that transmits infection when contaminated (ex. doorknob)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are virulence factors

A

the properties that an orgasnims has to enable it to cause infection

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

what are the human virulence factors

A

capsule avoids phagocytosis, white cells yo be engulfed and destroyed

may improve access to the body nutrients (fimbriae)

allowing an organism to adhere to cells, adhesions are proteins that enable organisms to stick to cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

what are exotoxins

A

toxins excreted from the bacterial cell

ex. tetanus. toxin is absorbed in the brain and causes the muscles to contract through skin infection (at site of infection or distant sites)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

what are toxins that act locally

A

hemolysins

leukocidins

hyaluronidase

collagenase

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

what do hemolysis do

A

cause lysis of red blood cells, and damage other body cells

there are 3 types

local toxin

18
Q

what is alpha hemolysis

A

streptococcus pneumoniae partially digests red blood cells producing a greenish brown discolouration

19
Q

what is beta hemolysis

A

streptococcus progenies compeletly digest the red blood cells producing around its colonies clear zones

20
Q

what is gamma hemolysis

A

Entercoccus faecalis does not digest red blood cells so the agar appears a little changed even though no lysis happened

21
Q

what is leukocidins

A

kill white blood cells, the ones that are suppose to be attacking them

Local toxin

22
Q

what are hyaluronidases

A

the break down connective tissue, extracellular material allowing spread

local toxin

23
Q

what is collagenase

A

breaks down collagen, a structural protein

local toxin

24
Q

what are the toxins that at on distant sites

A

enterotoxins

neurotoxins

protein synthesis inhibitors

superantigens

25
Q

what do enterotoxins act on

A

the bowel (diaherria)

26
Q

what do neurotoxins act on

A

they inhibit normal neurological function

27
Q

what do protein synthesis inhibitors act on

A

can kill or damage organs(e.g., diphtheria –> infection of the throat–> heart)

28
Q

what do superantigens act on

A

they bind to macrophages/immune cells and short circuit the mechanism for stimulation of the immune system, causing a massive response and consequent damage to the body (e.g., toxic shock syndrome, “flesh eating disease”

29
Q

how do superantigens work

A

activate many T cells resulting in large amounts of cytokine production

30
Q

what are endotoxins and what do they cause

A

substances found in the outer membrane of gram negative organisms

they cause fever, drop blood pressure leading to poor organ perfusion (shock)

31
Q

how do endotoxins work

A

act by binding macrophages/immune cells and causing release of active substances (cytokines)

32
Q

how does DNA in bacteria occur

A

as a single circular molecule or as small molecules (plasmids) independent of chromosomes they can often move from organism to organism

33
Q

what does it mean if DNA is conserved

A

identical for strains in the same species or genus, the vast majority is the same (conserved)

34
Q

where does protein synthesis happen in bacterial cells

A

ribosome, where tRNA binds to triplets to grow the chain of AA to make proteins

35
Q

how is DNA transferred between organisms

A
  1. conjugation
  2. transformation
  3. transduction
36
Q

what is conjugation

A

transfer of genetic material by direct contact of cells especially important in gram ngetiaves

mediated by pili which allows the transfers of plasmids

37
Q

what is transformation

A

free extracellular DNA can be taken up by bacteria and incorporated to the bacterial genome

38
Q

what is the difference between the lytic and lysogenic cycle

A

Lytic: the virus can only enter one host cell, more virus is made and happens quicker

Lysogenic: the virus can affect multiple host cells but this process takes longer

39
Q

What is meant by the term “the microbiome”

A

The community of organisms living on the surface of the body

40
Q

Which of the following would be an example of a fomite?

A

A toy used by the children of a daycare.

41
Q

An organism takes up free DNA and begins to produce a capsule. This is an example of which of the following?

A

Transformation

Microbiology (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions