Stereotyping, Prejudice, and Discrimination Flashcards
When a person displays a hostile attitude toward a person due to their membership in a particular group, they are displaying ________.
prejudice
Explanation:
People can display prejudice based on gender, age, ethnicity, sexual preferences, and other factors.
A person with low self-esteem is likely to feel that they are unworthy of certain ____________ in life and are likely to be unhappy and unsuccessful.
Achievements
Explanation:
For example, they may feel they are unworthy of a good education, a decent job, or a romantic partner.
In a prejudiced society, a certain minority group tends to rate themselves as ________ to other groups within the society.
Inferior
People create ___________ by assigning identical characteristics to a group of people despite variation amongst the members.
Stereotypes
When people receive negative or harmful behavior towards them due to their membership in a particular group, they are being _____________ against.
Discriminated
There are many forms of prejudice in society. Racism refers to prejudice between different races while ______ refers to prejudice between males and females.
Sexism
Explanation:
In the past, females were often thought of as inferior to males. This type of prejudice is sexism.
When a person does not identify with a group of people, this group is known as an _________.
Out-group
__________ refer to groups that an individual identifies with and feels they are a member of.
In-groups
When people feel positive feelings towards people in their in-groups and give them special treatment, but feel negative feelings towards people in their out-groups, they are displaying _________.
in-group bias
When strangers are grouped together on the basis of _______ criteria, they have formed a minimal group.
Trivial
________ groups were formed for the purpose of experiments examining in-group bias. These experiments grouped strangers together based on trivial criteria. Despite this, it was found that members in these groups still displayed in-group bias.
Minimal
Out-group __________ refers to when people think that people in their out-groups are more similar to each other than they really are.
homogeneity
_________ processing occurs when a stereotype is accessed from memory without the person being aware. This occurs after a person encounters an appropriate stimulus.
Automatic
Explanation:
Although a person may not be prejudiced, they most likely are aware of certain prejudices in society and thus these are brought to memory unconsciously.
__________ processing occurs when a stereotype is accessed from memory after a person encounters an appropriate stimulus, but they are able to disregard or ignore the stereotyped information.
Controlled
Controlled processing can enable a person to suppress prejudiced thoughts that are brought to mind due to __________ processing.
automatic
When people make correlations between _________ events, they are making illusory correlations.
Unrelated
Explanation:
This occurs when they expect things to be related and so believe them to be related even if there is no evidence.
The _________ model is the theory that a Stereotype is revised or modified due to inconsistent or disconfirming information.
bookkeeping
The __________ model is the theory that a stereotype is radically changed due to inconsistent information.
Conversion
The subtyping model is the theory that a new sub-stereotype is made in order to ___________ inconsistent information without changing the initial stereotype.
Accommodate
When _____________ attributions are made about whole groups of people, that is, when groups are stereotyped, this leads to the ultimate attribution error.
Dispositional
When a person experiences apprehension that their behavior will confirm an existing stereotype about a minority to which they belong, they experience stereotype _____________.
Vulnerability
Explanation:
Often this stereotype vulnerability can interfere with their ability to perform well on a given task due to their apprehension.
The ___________________ refers to the tendency of a society or group to make dispositional attributions about an entire group of people. For example, Christians created strong stereotypes about Jewish people.
ultimate attribution error
Stereotypes are strengthened when a member of an out-group behaves in an ________ way that matches the stereotype for the group.
Expected
When a person acts in an unexpected, non-stereotypical way, people tend to make ___________ attributions to explain why the person is acting against their stereotype.
situational
People tend to explain non-stereotypical behavior by a member of an out-group as being a result of the ________.
situation
_______ the victim refers to when people lay responsibility for another person’s victimization on the victim’s own behavior.
Blaming
When based on stereotypes, people cannot empathize with the oppression felt by people being outcast, they tend to blame the victimization of an individual on the individual’s own ________.
behavior
A self-fulfilling ________ occurs when people treat members of an out-group in a way that causes them to react in a stereotypical way. This results in reaffirmation of the stereotype.
Prophecy
Self-fulfilling prophecies occur as a _____. The first person believes a certain stereotype about an individual and thus treats them accordingly. This causes the individual to respond in a stereotypical manner, which reaffirms the stereotype in the mind of the first person.
cycle
It has been theorized that when resources are limited, conflict occurs between different groups competing for those resources. As a result, prejudice and discrimination increases. This is the ____________ theory.
realistic conflict
Explanation:
This theory is based on the idea that one of the most obvious causes for conflict and prejudice is competition. As resources become limited, different groups need to compete for these resources, which results in negative feelings towards out-groups.
_____________ refers to when people who are unhappy or frustrated displace their aggression onto groups that are disliked, visible, and relatively powerless.
Scapegoating
Sometimes a vast majority of people will hold racist attitudes as a result of stereotypes and discriminations being the norm in their society. This is known as ____________ racism.
institutionalized
Institutionalized discrimination refers to when prejudiced behavior such as racism and sexism are considered the norm in a society and leads to the members of the society developing prejudiced _________.
Attitudes
______ racism refers to when people maintain prejudiced stereotypical views, but prevent these views from being known publicly.
Modern
Explanation:
As society develops towards increased tolerance of out-groups in society, instead of changing their views, people tend to maintain their prejudiced attitudes, but do not outwardly express their attitudes. As a result, discrimination becomes more subtle as people only act out in a prejudiced manner when the situation is safe.
The ________ hypothesis highlights the fact that compelling different groups in society to Interact with one another is not enough to extinguish prejudice between the groups.
contact
The contact ___________ states that to reduce prejudice between different groups, equal status contact between the groups as well as a common goal is necessary. Furthermore, institutional support, such as laws and customs, enhances this effect.
hypothesis
When two or more groups are in a situation in which they must depend on each other in order to achieve a mutual ____, they are in a situation of mutual interdependence.
Goal
It has been found that mutual _____________ decreases feelings of hostility and distrust between groups which may previously have been in competition or conflict with one another.
interdependence
A ______ classroom is designed to reduce prejudice and raise self- esteem in children. This is achieved by making each child dependent on other children within desegregated groups to achieve class goals.
Jigsaw
A behavior which aims to cause either physical or psychological pain is referred to as an __________ action.
aggressive
___________ refers to an intentional action made to cause harm or pain. The harm or pain can be either physical or psychological.
Aggression
Hostile aggression stems from feelings of _____ and is aimed at inflicting pain upon another person.
Anger
Aggression which is performed not to cause pain, but to achieve another goal, is referred to as ___________ aggression.
instrumental
Explanation:
This type of aggression involves an intention to hurt another person; however, the reason for hurting them is to achieve another goal. For example, a defensive linesman in football may intentionally hurt an opposing team player to stop them from scoring.
_____________ postulated that humans are born with two instincts. Eros refers to an instinct towards life.
Sigmund Freud
Freud hypothesized that humans are born with an instinct towards life and _____, each being equally powerful.
death
Sigmund Freud postulated that humans are born with two instincts. __________ refers to an instinct towards death.
Thanatos
The theory that suggests that ________ build up pressure when they are unexpressed and need to be expressed in order to relieve the pressure is known as the hydraulic theory.
emotions
Explanation:
This theory is analogous to water pressure building inside a container, suggesting that emotions needs to be released to prevent a dangerous explosion from occurring.
Different cultures differ in their level of ______________. While some cultures have been found to live in peace and harmony, some cultures show higher levels of hostile behaviors.
Aggressiveness
Explanation:
While some cultures, such as some primitive tribes, live in peace and harmony, other cultures, including civilized societies such as America, often engage in aggressive behavior.
It has been observed that in a given culture, changes in aggressive behavior can occur when ______ conditions change. For example, Iroquois Indians became more aggressive to Huron Indians when the two cultures both began to trade fur following the arrival of European settlers in America.
social
Body chemicals are believed to play a role in influencing aggressive behavior. One common hormone associated with aggression in humans is ____________.
Testosterone
There have been many correlations made between high levels of testosterone and __________ behavior. For instance, naturally occurring levels of testosterone were found to be higher in prisoners convicted of violent crimes compared with prisoners convicted of non-violent crimes.
aggressive
_______ is linked with an increase in aggressive behavior. This is due in part to a decrease in human inhibitions leading to an increase in performing inhibited behaviors such as aggression.
Alcohol
When humans experience pain or discomfort, their tendency to behave aggressively _________.
Increases
Explanation:
Studies have shown that high heat, high humidity, and offensive body odors can all increase a person’s tendency to behave aggressively.
The frustration-aggression theory refers to the idea that when a person is __________, there is an increased likelihood that they will respond aggressively.
Frustrated
People become frustrated when they are prevented from reaching an ________ goal. As a result of this frustration, they tend to act aggressively, sometimes even when they reach their goal.
expected
People who are prevented from reaching a specific goal tend to feel more frustrated when they are _____ to achieving their goal.
Close
___________ can be heightened when a close-at-hand goal is prevented from being achieved. This in turn increases a person’s likelihood to act aggressively.
Frustration
When a person or group perceives that they have less than they deserve or expected, or have less than people similar to themselves, they experience relative ___________.
Deprivation
When people are deprived of certain things, they do not necessarily react aggressively. However, if a person feels they are being deprived of something they think they _______, they are more likely to be aggressive.
deserve
People tend to ___________ aggressive behavior when they have been provoked.
reciprocate
Some objects are associated with aggressive responses and their presence can increase the probability that a person will behave aggressively. These objects are known as aggressive _________.
stimulus
The presence of objects which are associated with aggression, for example, a gun, can stimulate a person to react in an __________ manner.
aggressive
The theory that predicts that people pick up social behavior through observing and imitating other people is known as the ___________ theory.
social learning
Explanation:
This has played a large role in the development of aggressive behavior in children, as studies have found that children imitate aggressive behavior displayed by adults.
Many studies have been performed to determine the effect of television violence on the behavior of children. These studies tend to show a high ___________ between watching violence on television and performing aggressive behavior.
Correlation
Explanation:
Television violence tends to have more influence upon aggressive behavior in children with aggressive tendencies.
Evidence suggests that in addition to influencing aggressive behavior in children, television violence can also influence ______.
Adults
____________ to violent or aggressive behavior on television appears to decrease a person’s sensitivity to this type of behavior.
Overexposure
One possible reason for why television may cause an increase in aggression is because it shows people violent or aggressive behavior which they can then _______.
Imitate
Explanation:
People may learn new ways to express aggressive behavior by watching violence on television. People may then begin to imitate this behavior and act more aggressively.
__________ refers to the belief that performing, watching, or fantasizing about aggressive behavior relieves built up aggressive tendencies and reduces the likelihood of future aggressive behavior.
Catharsis
Explanation:
This definition of catharsis is a simplified form of a more complicated psychoanalytic notion. It has developed out of popular culture and formed the belief that one way to reduce an individual’s feelings of aggression is for them to do something aggressive.
When people react aggressively in response to another person’s aggressive behavior, they sometimes engage in overkill. This is when their aggressive behavior is more ___________ than the other person’s behavior.
Distressing
When people become angry, they often respond with aggressive behavior which is worse than the initial aggressive behavior which made them angry. This is called _______.
overkill
Overkill can lead to feelings of dissonance as people try to justify their ____________ behavior.
over-aggressive
One way to relieve tension and anger is to express feelings of anger and aggression to another person in a non-_______ way.
Violent
One effective way to reduce anger and frustration is for a ___________ of a frustrating action to apologize or take full responsibility for their actions.
Perpetrator
Explanation:
People tend to feel less aggressive towards a person who apologizes after causing a frustrating circumstance, than towards a person who does not apologize.
Children exposed to ______________ models of behavior tend to act less aggressively than children who receive no exposure.
Non-aggressive
Explanation:
This is similar to findings that children model aggressive behavior. This suggests that exposing children to nonaggressive models of behavior is an effective method of preventing aggressive behavior.
Feelings of _______ can overwhelm a desire to be aggressive.
Empathy
Being able to see victims of violence as non-human lowers people’s inhibitions against aggressive actions. This increases the likelihood that people will act aggressively towards the victims. This phenomenon is known as ______________.
Dehumanization
