Group Decisions

Question 1

Conformity refers to when people change their behavior in response to _________ from others.

Answer 1

Influence

Question 2

Sometimes people conform
based on the influence of someone they believe to be better at interpreting a given situation and thus capable of behaving in the correct way. This is known as _______________
influence.

Answer 2

informational social

Question 3

When people believe that the behavior they are conforming to is genuinely the right behavior they come to _______ acceptance.

Answer 3

Private

Explanation:

The conformed behavior a person performs as a consequence of informational social influence is accepted by the person as the correct behavior for the situation.

Question 4

When people do not necessarily _______ that the behavior they are conforming to is correct, they come to public compliance.

Answer 4

Believe

Explanation:

They privately believe something else, but publicly conform to avoid embarrassment or scrutiny.

Question 5

When a person experiences a sudden shift in the meaning of their lives after finding out new information through a new source, they experience a __________.

Answer 5

Conversion

Explanation:

Conversions normally occur when a person feels dissatisfied or confused with some aspect in their life. Upon meeting a new person or group of people, they experience a conversion in which new information from this new source suddenly shifts their beliefs on that aspect of their life.

Question 6

When emotions or behaviors travel Rapidly

through a crowd, it is referred to as ________.

Answer 6

contagion

Explanation:

This spread sometimes appears to be out of control. Problems can occur when no one in the crowd is very sure how to react to a certain situation, which can lead to the rapid spread of behaviors not suitable to a given situation.

Question 7

Mass psychogenic illness refers to the occasion when a large group of people experience similar ________ symptoms, with no known physical cause.

Answer 7

physical

Question 8

Mass __________ illness is one form of contagion in which a behavior or attitude spreads quickly amongst a group of people. In this case, a few people present similar, real physical symptoms and a reasonable explanation is given for their occurrence. However, other people then believe they too have the symptoms and the number of people affected increases.

Answer 8

psychogenic

Question 9

When a situation is ambiguous, people are more likely to _______ as they are unsure how to behave.

Answer 9

Conform

Question 10

During a ______, people tend to be uncertain how to behave as they may feel frightened, panicky, or simply may not have enough time to think through a course of action. Therefore, they tend to conform to another person’s behavior.

Answer 10

Crisis

Explanation:

However, this can be harmful if the person whose behavior is influencing others is not rational due to their own feelings of panic and confusion during the crisis.

Question 11

Social _____ refer to group rules which determine acceptable behaviors, values, and beliefs of its members. Negative consequences can arise for members that do not conform to a group’s norms.

Answer 11

Norms

Question 12

Asch’s line studies found that even when faced with an ___________ situation, people tended to conform with other people in a group.

Answer 12

Unambiguous

Explanation:

This study involved one real participant and a number of pretend participants. Each participant was asked to answer a simple question in which the correct answer was unambiguous. The study showed that even when the answer was obvious, if all the other members of a group– the pretend participants– said the wrong answer, the real participant tended to conform and also say the wrong answer.

Question 13

Sometimes people conform in order to be accepted by others and to avoid too much attention, rejection, or trouble. This is known as _________ social influence.

Answer 13

Normative

Explanation:

People are expected to publicly comply with a group’s norms, but may not privately accept the group’s norms.

Question 14

The social ______ theory states that the strength, immediacy, and the number of people in a group determines whether conformation to social influence occurs.

Answer 14

Impact

Question 15

The impact a group has on a person depends on strength, which refers to how _________ the group of people is to the person.

Answer 15

Important

Question 16

The effect that the number of people in a group has on conformity _________ as the group becomes larger.

Answer 16

Decreases

Question 17

Asch’s study on group effects on conformity tested whether the ________ of another person who agreed with a participant affected the extent to which the participant conformed to the group. When a person has an ally in a group, they are less likely to conform with the group.

Answer 17

presence

Question 18

_______ affects the extent to which groups of people conform. People in some countries conform to a greater extent than people in other countries and this is said to be due to differences in their social
upbringing

Answer 18

Culture

Question 19

A person who conforms to a group many times over time earns _________ credits. These credits allow them to deviate from the group without suffering negative consequences.

Answer 19

idiosyncrasy

Explanation:

When a person shows enough loyalty to a group over time, a situation develops in which, if the person decides to go against the group, they do not receive retribution from the group for deviating from the norms.

Question 20

Occasionally within a group, a small number of people will influence the actions of the group at large. This is known as _______ influence.

Answer 20

minority

Question 21

When a person behaves a certain way at the request

of another person, they are undertaking ________.

Answer 21

compliance

Question 22

Sometimes people automatically conform to a social norm without considering why they do it. This is referred to as ________ conformity.

Answer 22

Mindless

Explanation:

People tend to react to many norms in society automatically, such as greeting people by shaking hands, or wearing matching socks.

Question 23

The ___________ technique is used when trying to get people to comply with a request. This technique involves asking someone to comply with a big request which they are unlikely to agree to, and, after they refuse, offering a smaller
request in the hope that they comply.

Answer 23

door-in-the-face

Explanation:

This technique is often used when people are asking for donations. By asking someone to make a large donation, the smaller offer seems more reasonable, and thus the person is more likely to comply.

Question 24

The social norm that people who receive something positive from another person feel obliged to return the behavior is known as a ___________ norm.

Answer 24

Reciprocity

Explanation:

This social norm states that people feel that they need to be nice to people who have been nice to them. This may involve behaving in a similar way towards a person, such as giving someone a gift if that person gave them a gift.

Question 25

_________ refers to when a person conforms to the requests of an authority figure even if they are opposed to the request.

Answer 25

Obedience

Question 26

When people are __________ to one norm, it is difficult to switch to another norm.

Answer 26

Conforming

Explanation:

People generally find it hard to switch from one norm to the other, even if the other norm is more acceptable or suited to the occasion.

Question 27

When people are in the same place at the same time, but are not ___________, they have formed a non-social group. An example is spectators at a sporting event.

Answer 27

Interacting

Question 28

When people interact with each other and ____ on each other to reach common needs and goals, they have formed a social group.

Answer 28

Rely

Question 29

Social facilitation refers to the effect that other people have on a person’s ___________. During simple tasks, the effect usually enhances performance, while during complex tasks, the effect usually impairs performance.

Answer 29

Performance

Question 30

In the presence of other people, a person may feel motivated to complete a task faster, or better, or they may feel nervous and complete the task slowly, or with errors. These are both examples of social ____________.

Answer 30

facilitation

Question 31

The presence of another person, can affect one’s performance at the task at hand. _______ plays a role in social facilitation through altering a person’s vigilance, apprehensiveness, and concentration.

Answer 31

Arousal

Question 32

When people are in a group, they tend to relax as they do not feel that their individual performance is being evaluated. This is known as social _______.

Answer 32

Loafing

Question 33

When people are in a group, they tend to feel less like they are being evaluated. This often relaxes the person and increases their performance on _______ tasks.

Answer 33

Complex

Explanation:

A group situation tends to improve performance on complex tasks, but impairs performance on simple tasks.

Question 34

Men tend to relax more and underperform while in a group situation, while women tend to put more ______ into group tasks.

Answer 34

Effort

Explanation:

Women generally care more about the welfare of their group, and thus tend to put in more effort. Men generally focus on their own performance rather than the group’s performance, and thus tend to relax more in group situations.

Question 35

Sometimes being in a group can lead to deindividuation, in which people perform impulsive and deviant acts due to a decrease in behavior ___________.

Answer 35

Constraints

Question 36

_____________ can make people feel anonymous, giving them a sense of freedom from behavior constraints.

Answer 36

Deindividuation

Question 37

Groups tend to have members with similar _______________. This is known as group homogeneity.

Answer 37

Characteristics

Question 38

__________ can occur either because groups tend to encourage people within the group to act in the same way, or because a group tends to attract a person who has similar characteristics to those already in the group.

Answer 38

Homogeneity

Question 39

The way in which people act in a group is sometimes defined by specific _____. These are acted out using an expected set of behaviors.

Answer 39

Roles

Explanation:

Roles specify the way in which people should interact with other people in the group. For example, the roles of an employee and a boss require each person to act in a different way—- in the way that is expected of their respective roles.

Question 40

In Zimbardo’s prison experiment, the students playing the role of guards became more __________, and the students playing the role of prisoners became more passive.

Answer 40

Aggressive

Explanation:

Question 41

___________ experiment showed how effective roles were in influencing a person’s behavior towards others in a group. Students took on assigned roles with such conviction that they began to change their behaviors, acting in ways that they never would have believed themselves capable of.

Answer 41

Zimbardo’s

Question 42

The theory that a good leader is determined by specific key personality traits is known as the ___________ theory.

Answer 42

great person

Question 43

Fred Fiedler’s ___________ theory of leadership states that there are two types of leaders, and the effectiveness of a leader depends on what type of leader they are, and how much control and influence they have over the group.

Answer 43

Contingency

Question 44

When a leader is focused on completing a specific job, they are a ____-oriented leader.

Answer 44

task

Explanation:

Rather than focus on the feelings of their groups and the relationships between members of the group, a task- oriented leader is more concerned with completing the task.

Question 45

When a leader is focused on the feelings of the group and Interactions between group members, they are a ______________ leader.

Answer 45

relationship-oriented

Question 46

When a task can be broken down into several smaller tasks that can be completed by ___________, it is called a divisible task.

Answer 46

Individuals

Question 47

When a task is unable to be broken down into smaller tasks to be completed individually, and thus a group is required to work together to complete it, it is called a _______ task.

Answer 47

Unitary

Question 48

An ________ task is one in which all individuals are working on the one task and the end result is a combination of their efforts. These tasks can be affected by social loafing.

Answer 48

Additive

Question 49

When the outcome of a group task depends on the talents of the least capable member of the group, the task is ___________. In these tasks, a group can only do as well as the least proficient member in the group.

Answer 49

Conjunctive

Question 50

When the outcome of a group depends on the performance of the most talented member of the group, the task is ___________.

Answer 50

Disjunctive

Explanation:

For example, if a group is trying to solve a hard math problem and one member is good at math, the performance of the group is lifted due to the one individual.

Question 51

Process loss can occur when some aspect of a group interaction prevents good _______________.

Answer 51

Problem solving

Explanation:

This may be caused by the group failing to determine which member is the most competent at the task, or because a member finds it difficult to express their opinion if it goes against the group’s norms.

Question 52

Sometimes groups do not perform better at a task than individuals because they fail to share ______ information.

Answer 52

Unique

Question 53

When a group’s thinking revolves around trying to maintain group solidarity and cohesiveness rather than focusing on the facts in a realistic manner, it is referred to as __________.

Answer 53

Groupthink

Question 54

The Choice Dilemma Questionnaire is a test used to determine whether people in a group or individuals make _______ decisions.

Answer 54

Riskier

Explanation:

This questionnaire involves a series of stories based on a dilemma for a main character in which they have a choice to undertake a risky action. Individuals and groups are asked how much probability of success they would require before recommending the risky action for the character. Groups were found to be more inclined to recommend risk when success was low whereas individuals required a higher success rate.

Question 55

Groups sometimes end up making decisions which are more extreme than the decisions which its individual members would have made. This is known as group __________.

Answer 55

polarization

Explanation:

For example, an individual may decide that a person should be fined $500 for a certain crime. The group would be likely to make a similar decision and fine the person, but the amount would be likely to be greater. This is known as group polarization.

Question 56

The _____________ theory suggests that while some cultures lean toward risk, others lean toward caution when making decisions.

Answer 56

Culture-value

Explanation:

Americans are generally shown to lean towards risk rather than caution.

Question 57

When a person experiences tension because of a desire to achieve two incompatible goals, they experience _____________ conflict.

Answer 57

Intrapersonal

Question 58

When two or more individuals or groups differ in their goals and experience tension as a result, they experience _____________ conflict.

Answer 58

Interpersonal

Question 59

Interpersonal conflict involves conflict between people, while ___________ conflict involves conflict within a person.

Answer 59

intrapersonal

Question 60

When people experience conflict in which one person or group gains what the other loses, this is known as ________ conflict.

Answer 60

Zero-sum

Question 61

Zero- sum conflict is a type of _____________ conflict. It occurs when one person’s or group’s gain is the other person’s or group’s loss. An example is when two people are playing poker. Every loss by one person is a gain by the other person.

Answer 61

interpersonal

Question 62

____________ conflict is a type of interpersonal conflict. It occurs when both people or groups can gain by cooperating. However, one person or group gains more by competing. The person or group that can gain more has two options. They can cooperate for the good of both people or they can compete to maximize personal gain.

Answer 62

Mixed-motive

Question 63

The ___________ strategy can be used to inform an opponent that a person is willing to cooperate, but not willing to be exploited.

Answer 63

Tit-for-tat

Explanation:

It involves first acting cooperatively. The next response then matches the opponent’s actions. That is, if the opponent acted cooperatively, the next response is also cooperative. However, if the opponent acted competitively, the next response is also competitive.

Question 64

________ sides in a conflict make a negotiation after making offers and counteroffers until they both agree on the same outcome.

Answer 64

Opposing

Question 65

When two parties have differing interests, they undertake a form of communication in which each side concedes on an issue that is relatively unimportant to them but important to the opposing party. These trade-offs lead to an ___________ solution.

Answer 65

Integrative

Question 66

An integrative solution is one type of solution to a conflict. It involves each party _________ on issues that are unimportant to them, but important to the other party.

Answer 66

conceding

Question 67

Individuals tend to act more cooperatively than groups do. This was evident in the ________’s Dilemma study in which cooperativeness of individuals was compared with that of groups.

Answer 67

Prisoner

Explanation:

This is thought to be because a person will generally trust another individual to be trustworthy and expect him to be cooperative, but will expect that a group will be competitive rather than cooperative.