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Botany > Stems > Flashcards

Stems Flashcards

1
Q

What is a stem?

A

a plant organ consisting of nodes and internodes

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2
Q

What is a node?

A

the point leaves are attached on a stem

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3
Q

What is an internode?

A

the stem segments between nodes

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4
Q

What is the 3 main purposes of a stem?

A

Structure, protection, and transport of nutrients

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5
Q

How does the stem provide structure?

A

the stem holds up the plant allowing it to grow towards the light

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6
Q

How does the stem provide protection?

A

thorns, bark

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7
Q

How does the stem transport nutrients through the plant?

A

Vascular tissue transport water and other nutrients through the plant

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8
Q

What is an apical bud?

A

The growing shoot tip that grows long

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9
Q

What is an axillary bud?

A

lateral growth, branch, thorn or flower

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10
Q

What are the two types of stems

A

herbaceous and woody

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11
Q

What is wood?

A

a natural composite of cellulose fibers embedded in a matrix of lignin

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12
Q

what are meristems?

A

a region of undifferentiated cells that produce new tissues through cell division

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13
Q

What does it mean when meristems are dormant?

A

they are regions the have the potential to develop new stems, leaves and roots but are in “arrested development”

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14
Q

what does it mean when meristems are active

A

the meristems are growing into new stems, leaves, and roots

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15
Q

What is primary growth?

A

growth in length

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16
Q

What is secondary growth?

A

growth in thickness

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17
Q

what plants have secondary growth?

A

secondary growth occurs in gymnosperms and many true dicots, but is rare in monocots

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18
Q

What parts of the plant experience secondary growth?

A

stems and roots rarely the leaves

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19
Q

What does secondary growth consist of?

A

tissues in the vascular cambium and cork cambium

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20
Q

do primary growth and secondary growth occur at different times?

A

no they are simultaneous

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21
Q

What is the anatomy of a tree trunk?

A

Bark, vascular cambium, and secondary xylem

22
Q

What does the bark consist of?

A

layers of periderm, and Secondary phloem

23
Q

What is the use of the layers of periderm?

A

Protection from disease and pests, insulation from fire

24
Q

What is the use of the phloem?

A

they are living cells that conduct nutrients down the tree

25
Q

What is the use of the Vascular Cambium?

A

makes new Xylem and phloem cells

26
Q

what does the secondary Xylem consist of?

A

Sapwood and heart wood

27
Q

What does heart wood do?

A

nothing it is dead cells

28
Q

What does sapwood do?

A

Living cells that conduct water up the tree

29
Q

What are the parts of a tree

A

Crown, trunk (bole), roots

30
Q

What does the crown of a tree do?

A

where the leaves are for photosynthesis

31
Q

what does the trunk (bole) of a tree do?

A

holds leaves up to light, supports crown, transports nutrients and water

32
Q

What are different types of bark?

A

Smooth, furrowed, fissured, peeling/exfoliating, fibrous, plated

33
Q

What are the parts of a twig stem?

A

terminal bud, axillary bud, node, internode, lenticel, terminal bud scar scales, bundle scar, leaf scar

34
Q

what is a leaf scar?

A

scar left on twig after dropping of a leaf

35
Q

What is a bundle scar?

A

smaller scars left inside the leaf scar left by leaf veins

36
Q

What is Glaucous?

A

Blue/white waxy covering

37
Q

What does pubescent mean?

A

having hair

38
Q

What does glabrous mean?

A

no hair

39
Q

What are the two types of buds with scales?

A

Imbricate and valvate

40
Q

What do you call a bud with no scales?

A

naked bud

41
Q

what are bud scales?

A

reduced or modified leaves that cover the bud

42
Q

What do valvate scales look like?

A

a pair of scales meeting at an edge

43
Q

What do imbricate scales look like?

A

Overlapping scales

44
Q

What is a twig?

A

a young shoot, generally applied to the growth from a previous year

45
Q

What is a bud?

A

underdeveloped shoot (will produce next years leaves and twigs)

46
Q

What is a terminal bud?

A

bud terminating growth at the end of the branch

47
Q

what is a pseudo-terminal bud?

A

lateral bud that assumes the role of a terminal bud, adjacent leaf scar

48
Q

what are lenticels?

A

corky spots on surface of twig that are torn epidermis cells that aid in the gas diffusion in stem (CO2 and water vapor)

49
Q

what is a stipule?

A

a leaf like appendage that occurs at the base of a leaf patiole

50
Q

What is a stipule scar?

A

scar left behind on a twig after stipule is shed.

51
Q

What are some modified stems?

A

Rhizome, Tuber, Thorn, Stolon

52
Q

What is an example of a tuber?

A

a potato

Botany (31 decks)

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