Stem cells Flashcards

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1
Q

Cell proliferation:

A

When cells replicate themselves

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2
Q

Cell differentiation:

A

When unspecialised cells develop characteristics and functions of particular cells

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3
Q

How many different cell types can the inner cell mass (stem cells) become?

A

200+, anything but embryonic cells

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4
Q

Totipotent:

A

Any cell in the human body (200) + embryonic membrane, placenta and umbilical cord

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5
Q

Pluripotent:

A

Can become any cell in the human body, but not the embryonic membrane

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6
Q

Multi potent:

A

Gives rise to types of cells with a specific function, found in adults
Eg, red bone marrow gives rise to RBC

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7
Q

What are the three primary germ layers? + examples

A

Endoderm- epithilium lining of alimentary canal, urinary and gall bladder
Mesoderm- bones, cartilage, blood
Ectoderm- nervous system, teeth enamel, epidermis of skin

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8
Q

5 key roles of the placenta:

A
Endocrine gland- secretes oestrogen + progesterone
Gas exchange 
Waste removal 
Immunity 
Nutrition (glucose, lipids)
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9
Q

Foetal development- 3 months

A

Forelimbs well developed, eyelids closed, outer ear completed, bone marrow formed, blood cells formed in bone marrow, sex distinguishable

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10
Q

Foetal development- 4 months

A

Arms and hands fully shaped, skeleton completed, movement of muscles

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11
Q

Foetal development- 5 months

A

Fine hair covers body, gripping reflexes, more growth

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12
Q

Foetal development- 6 months

A

Respiratory movements, digestive glands begin to function, tooth buds formed, eyebrows/ eyelashes

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13
Q

Foetal development- 7 months

A

Period of greatest growth, all systems functional except respiratory system

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14
Q

Foetal development- 8 months

A

Accumulation of fat beneath skin, growth slows

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15
Q

Foetal development- 9 months

A

Eyes open, nose well for,ed, sucking and grasping reflexes, fine body hair is shed

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16
Q

The 5 steps of implantation: (think abcde)

A
1- fertilisation
2- early cleavage
3- late cleavage
4- blastocyst formation
5- implantation of blastocyst
17
Q

What is blastocyst?

A

Hollow ball of cells that surround a cavity filled with fluid

18
Q

Why does implantation occur?

A

So the blastocyst can gain nourishment for growth and development by absorbing nutrients from uterine lining

19
Q

Functions of the placenta: endocrine:

A

Secretes a number of hormones needed to maintain pregnancy

20
Q

Functions of the placenta: excretory

A

Transports nitrogenous waste such as urea, Uric acid, ammonia and creatinine from foetal blood or mothers blood (excreted through kidneys)

21
Q

Functions of the placenta: immune

A

Transports antibodies from mother into foetal blood for immunity

22
Q

Functions of placenta: nutritional

A

Transports nutrients such as glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins and minerals from mother to foetus, stores essential nutrients early in pregnancy and releases later

23
Q

Functions of placenta: respiratory

A

Transports oxygen from mother to foetus and co2 from foetus to mother