homestasis SRMRF Flashcards
what happens to the body temperature during hot weather? (4)
-E: hypothalamus decreases sympathetic stimulus to arteriole muscles in the skin relax
R: blood pressure causes vasodilation of blood vessel (arteriole) increasing heat loss to environment
M: nerve impulse sent to hypothalamus which increases sympathetic stimulus to sweat glands and stops sympathetic stimulus to arterioles
-E: muscles are around sweat glands causing contraction and sweat to be secreted onto skin, vasodilation of blood vessel (arteriole) occurring at the same continually supplies water which moves into sweat gland from high temp blood plasma
R: evaporation of high temperatures sweat causes heat loss
-M: hypothalamus signals cerebral cortex which increases consciousness of being hot, nerve impulse is sent to
E: skeletal muscles modify behaviour- seek shelter/shade, spread out limbs, remove clothing etc
R:modified behaviour
-E: pituitary gland secrets less TSH
R: less TSH causes thyroid to secrete less thyroxine decreasing metabolic rate and therefore lowers heat production.
what happens to blood gas concentrations in hot weather/
S: low blood oxygen levels
R: chemoreceptors in the aortic and carotid bodies (found in aorta and carotid arteries)
M: respiratory centre (inhalation) in the medulla oblongata and the pneumotaxic centre (exhalation) of the pons varolii)
E: muscles in the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
R: minimal increase in rate and depth of inspiration and exhalation
F: increase of oxygen in blood
what happens to blood sugar levels during hot weather (3)
S: low blood glucose
R: chemoreceptors in the alpha cells of islets of langerhans in pancreas
M: alpha cells of islets of langerhans in pancreas
E: alpha cells of islets of langerhans in pancreas secrete glucagon
R: glycogen in liver and muscle cells is converted back into glucose and released back into the blood (glycogenolysis)
R: promotes gluconeogenesis from fat in adipose tissue and breakdown of amino acids to form glucose in the liver
R: mild stimulating effect on protein breakdown in the liver supplying amino acids for gluconeogenesis
F: increase of glucose in blood.
S: low blood glucose
R: chemoreceptors in the hypothalamus
M: hypothalamus responds, increases sympathetic stimulus to
E: adrenal medulla secretes adrenalin/noradrenalin
R: stimulates production of lactic acid in muscle cells which are transported to liver to manufacture glucose
F: increase of glucose in the blood
S: low blood glucose
R: chemoreceptors in the hypothalamus
M: hypothalamus responds, secrets ACTH releasing factor into blood
E: ACTH causes adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids (cortisol)
R: stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver
R: stops protein synthesis in body cells and increases movement of amino acids from cells to liver where they are used for gluconeogenesis
R: mobilise fatty acids from adipose tissue allowing for muscles to shift from glucose to fatty acid breakdown for their metabolic energy (lowering intake of glucose from blood)
R: inhibits uptake of glucose in liver and muscles (stops glycogenesis)
R: breaks down muscle tissue (protein) to provide more amino acids for gluconeogenesis in the liver
F: increase of glucose in blood
what happens to body fluid levels in hot weather?
S: high osmotic pressure in the blood (low water)
R: osmoreceptors in hypothalamus stimulated
M: hypothalamus responds, increases secretion of ADH to nerve extensions (travels to posterior pituitary gland)
E: pituitary gland secretes increased amount of ADH supplied
R: more ADH secreted increases water permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts
F: more water reabsorbed into blood lowering osmotic pressure.
S: high osmotic pressure in the blood (low water)
R: osmoreceptors in hypothalamus stimulated
M: hypothalamus signals cerebral cortex which increases consciousness/feeling of thirst, nerve impulse sent
E: skeletal muscles modify behaviour- causing individual to seek a drink
R: individual drinks water
F: water absorbed into blood, lowering osmotic pressure.
blood gas concentration levels in high temperatures
S: low blood oxygen levels
R: chemoreceptors in the aortic and carotid bodies (found in aorta and carotid arteries)
M: respiratory centre (inhalation) in the medulla oblongata and the pneumotaxic centre (exhalation) of the pons varolii)
E: muscles in the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
R: minimal increase in rate and depth of inspiration and exhalation
F: increase of oxygen in blood
what happens to body fluid levels in cold temperature?
S: low osmotic pressure in the blood (high water content)
R: osmoreceptors in hypothalamus stimulated
M: hypothalamus responds, decreases secretion of ADH to nerve extensions (travels to posterior pituitary gland)
E: pituitary gland secretes decreased amount of ADH supplied
R: less ADH secreted decreases water permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts
F: less water reabsorbed into blood increasing osmotic pressure
what happens to body temperature during cold temps
S: body temp falls
R: cold thermoreceptor in skin and hypothalamus stimulated, nerve impulse sent to
M: hypothalamus signals cerebral cortex, nerve impulse sent to
E: skeletal muscles to begin shivering
R: production of heat
F: body temp rises
S; body temp falls
R: cold thermoreceptor in skin and hypothalamus stimulated, nerve impulse sent to
M: hypothalamus which increases sympathetic stimulus to
E: arteriole muscles in skin causing vasoconstriction
R: vasoconstriction of blood vessel (arteriole) occurs reducing heat loss to environment
F: body temp begins to rise
S: body temp falls
R: cold thermoreceptor in skin and hypothalamus stimulated, nerve impulse sent to
M: hypothalamus which increases sympathetic stimulus to
E: adrenal glands secrete adrenalin/noradrenalin
R: increasing metabolic rate and therefore heat production
F: body temp rises
S: body temp falls
R: cold thermoreceptors in skin and hypothalamus stimulated, nerve impulse sent to
M: hypothalamus which increases secretion of TSH factors into blood
E: pituitary gland increases secretion of TSH
R: TSH causes thyroid to secrete thyroxine, increasing metabolic rate and therefore heat production
F: body temp begins to rise (effects are not immediate)
S: body temp begins to fall
R: cold thermoreceptors in skin and hypothalamus stimulated, nerve impulse sent to
M: hypothalamus signals cerebral cortex which increases consciousness of being cold, nerve impulse sent
E: skeletal muscles modify behaviour- seek shelter, warm clothing, curl up
R: modified behaviour ^
F: body temp begins to rise
body fluid composition in high humidity?
S: high osmotic pressure in the blood (low water)
R: osmoreceptors in hypothalamus stimulated
M: hypothalamus responds, increases secretion of ADH to nerve extensions (travels to posterior pituitary gland)
E: pituitary gland secretes increased amount of ADH supplied
R: more ADH secreted increases water permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts
F: more water reabsorbed into blood lowering osmotic pressure.
S: high osmotic pressure in the blood (low water)
R: osmoreceptors in hypothalamus stimulated
M: hypothalamus signals cerebral cortex which increases consciousness/feeling of thirst, nerve impulse sent
E: skeletal muscles modify behaviour- causing individual to seek a drink
R: individual drinks water
F: water absorbed into blood, lowering osmotic pressure.
body temperature in high humidity?
S: body temp rises
R: heat stimulates thermoreceptor in skin and hypothalamus stimulated, nerve impulse is sent to
M: hypothalamus signals cerebral cortex which increases consciousness of being hot, nerve impulse is sent to
E: skeletal muscles modify behaviour- seek shelter/shade, spread out limbs, remove clothing etc
R:modified behaviour ^
F: body temp begins to fall
S:body temp rises
R:heat stimulates thermorecpetor In skin and hypothalamus stimulated, nerve impulse sent to
M: hypothalamus which decreases TSH factors being secreted into blood
E: pituitary gland secrets less TSH
R: less TSH causes thyroid to secrete less thyroxine decreasing metabolic rate and therefore lowers heat production.
F: body temp begins to fall (effects are not immediate)
blood gas concentrations in high altitude?
S: low blood oxygen levels
R: chemoreceptors in the aortic and carotid bodies (found in aorta and carotid arteries)
M: respiratory centre (inhalation) in the medulla oblongata and the pneumotaxic centre (exhalation) of the pons varolii)
E: muscles in the diaphragm and intercostal muscles
R: minimal increase in rate and depth of inspiration and exhalation
F: increase of oxygen in blood
blood temperature in high altitude?
S; body temp falls
R: cold thermoreceptor in skin and hypothalamus stimulated, nerve impulse sent to
M: hypothalamus which increases sympathetic stimulus to
E: arteriole muscles in skin causing vasoconstriction
R: vasoconstriction of blood vessel (arteriole) occurs reducing heat loss to environment
F: body temp begins to rise
body fluid composition during long distance in marathon
S: high osmotic pressure in the blood (low water)
R: osmoreceptors in hypothalamus stimulated
M: hypothalamus responds, increases secretion of ADH to nerve extensions (travels to posterior pituitary gland)
E: pituitary gland secretes increased amount of ADH supplied
R: more ADH secreted increases water permeability of the distal convoluted tubule and collecting ducts
F: more water reabsorbed into blood lowering osmotic pressure.
S: high osmotic pressure in the blood (low water)
R: osmoreceptors in hypothalamus stimulated
M: hypothalamus signals cerebral cortex which increases consciousness/feeling of thirst, nerve impulse sent
E: skeletal muscles modify behaviour- causing individual to seek a drink
R: individual drinks water
F: water absorbed into blood, lowering osmotic pressure.
blood sugar levels during long distance marathon (3)
S: low blood glucose
R: chemoreceptors in the alpha cells of islets of langerhans in pancreas
M: alpha cells of islets of langerhans in pancreas
E: alpha cells of islets of langerhans in pancreas secrete glucagon
R: glycogen in liver and muscle cells is converted back into glucose and released back into the blood (glycogenolysis)
R: promotes gluconeogenesis from fat in adipose tissue and breakdown of amino acids to form glucose in the liver
R: mild stimulating effect on protein breakdown in the liver supplying amino acids for gluconeogenesis
F: increase of glucose in blood.
S: low blood glucose
R: chemoreceptors in the hypothalamus
M: hypothalamus responds, increases sympathetic stimulus to
E: adrenal medulla secretes adrenalin/noradrenalin
R: stimulates production of lactic acid in muscle cells which are transported to liver to manufacture glucose
F: increase of glucose in the blood
S: low blood glucose
R: chemoreceptors in the hypothalamus
M: hypothalamus responds, secrets ACTH releasing factor into blood
E: ACTH causes adrenal cortex to secrete glucocorticoids (cortisol)
R: stimulates conversion of glycogen to glucose in the liver
R: stops protein synthesis in body cells and increases movement of amino acids from cells to liver where they are used for gluconeogenesis
R: mobilise fatty acids from adipose tissue allowing for muscles to shift from glucose to fatty acid breakdown for their metabolic energy (lowering intake of glucose from blood)
R: inhibits uptake of glucose in liver and muscles (stops glycogenesis)
R: breaks down muscle tissue (protein) to provide more amino acids for gluconeogenesis in the liver
F: increase of glucose in blood
body temperature levels in long distance marathon (4)
S: body temp rises
R: heat thermoreceptor in skin and hypothalamus stimulated
M: nerve impulse is sent to hypothalamus
E: hypothalamus decreases sympathetic stimulus to arteriole muscles in the skin relax
R: blood pressure causes vasodilation of blood vessel (arteriole) increasing heat loss to environment
F: body temp begins to fall
S: body temp rises
R: heat stimulates thermoreceptor in skin and hypothalamus stimulated
M: nerve impulse sent to hypothalamus which increases sympathetic stimulus to sweat glands and stops sympathetic stimulus to arterioles
E: muscles are around sweat glands causing contraction and sweat to be secreted onto skin, vasodilation of blood vessel (arteriole) occurring at the same continually supplies water which moves into sweat gland from high temp blood plasma
R: evaporation of high temperatures sweat causes heat loss
F: body temp begins to fall
S: body temp rises
R: heat stimulates thermoreceptor in skin and hypothalamus stimulated, nerve impulse is sent to
M: hypothalamus signals cerebral cortex which increases consciousness of being hot, nerve impulse is sent to
E: skeletal muscles modify behaviour- seek shelter/shade, spread out limbs, remove clothing etc
R:modified behaviour ^
F: body temp begins to fall
S:body temp rises
R:heat stimulates thermorecpetor In skin and hypothalamus stimulated, nerve impulse sent to
M: hypothalamus which decreases TSH factors being secreted into blood
E: pituitary gland secrets less TSH
R: less TSH causes thyroid to secrete less thyroxine decreasing metabolic rate and therefore lowers heat production.
F: body temp begins to fall (effects are not immediate)
