hormones year 12 Flashcards
what are the anterior lobes (pituitary gland) 6 hormones?
Lutenising hormone (LH) Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) Growth hormone Prolactin
what are the 2 hormones of the posterior lobe?
oxytocin antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
what is the hormone for the thyroid gland and what does it do?
thyroxine
targets most cells
increased metabolic rate and therefore oxygen consumption and heat production
what is the hormone for the parathyroid sand what do they do?
the parathyroid hormone (PTH)
targets the bones and kidneys
increases the level of calcium in the blood
what is the hormone for the thymus gland and what does it do?
thymosin
targets the T lymphocytes
stimulates the development and maturation of T lynphocytes
what are the two hormones of the adrenal cortex?
- aldosterone
- cortisol
what does aldosterone target and do?
targets the kidney
-increases reabsorption of sodium ions and excretion of potassium ions
what does cortisol target and how does it affect the body?
targets most cells
-promotes normal metabolism, helps the body deal with stress, promotes repair of damaged tissues
what is the hormone of the adrenal medulla and what does it do?
adrenaline and noradrenaline
-targets most tissues
-preps the body for fight or flight response
reinforces effects of the sympathetic nervous system
what are the two hormones secreted from the pancreas?
- insulin
- glucagon
whag does insulin target and what does it do?
targets most cells
-stimulates uptake of glucose and lowers blood glucose level
what does glucagon target and what does it do?
targets liver and fat storage tissues
-stimulates breakdown of glycogen and fat, increases blood glucose level
what hormone is secreted from the testes and how does it affect the body?
targets many tissues
- stimulates sperm production
- growth of skeleton and muscles
- make sex characteristics
what are the two hormones of the ovaries?
- oestrogen
- progesterone
what does oestrogen target and how does it work?
targets many tissues
-development of female characteristics, regulate menstrual cycle
what does progesterone target and how does it work?
targets uterus and mammary glands
- regulates menstrual cycle and pregnancy
- predates mammary glands for milk secretion
list 3 examples of exocrine glands
mucous
salivary
sweat
what is the difference between a paracrine and a hormone
paracrine are secreted by all cells and move through extra cellular fluid.
hormones are only secreted by specialised cells and travel in the blood stream
describe the process of protein and amine hormones?
they attach to receptor proteins in the membrane of a target cell. the contact with a receptor causes a secondary messenger substance to diffuse through the cell and activate particular enzymes.
protein and amine hormones are water soluble (means they can’t diffuse)
what is an example of a protein/amine hormone?
insulin binds to a receptor protein and this causes an increase in glucose absorption by the cell.
describe the processes of steroid hormones?
they enter target cells and combine with a receptor protein inside the cell. the receptor may be on the mitochondria or in nucleus. this forms a hormone-receptor-complex which then activated the genes that control formation of particular proteins.
steroid hormones are fat soluble (can pass through membrane)
what is enzyme amplification?
when the secondary messenger inside the cell switches on all the enzymes to increase activity in order for the protein to penetrate the cell. creates a cascading effect in which the number of reacting molecules increases
how do we get rid of hormones from the body?
a hormone is turned off when the hormone molecules are broken down. this can occur in the target cells but mostly in the liver and kidneys. the broken down hormones are then secreted via bile or in the urine
what is negative feedback?
negative feedback refers to when the response produced by the secretion of the hormone is the OPPOSITE of the stimulus that causes the secretion. some negative feedback systems involve the nervous system releasing inhibiting or releasing factors.
describe the hormone receptor complex?
when a hormone combines with a receptor in the cytoplasm the hormone receptor complex is formed- where it will then enter the nucleus and ‘switch on’ a particular gene. then via protein synthesis, the gene produces a protein (enzyme) which will chemically react and change the function of the cell.
