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MCM test 2 > Stem Cells > Flashcards

Stem Cells Flashcards

1
Q

stem cells

A 
A primitive cell; can either self-renew or
give rise to more specialized cell types
• Single stem cells differentiate into
multiple, functional cell types
• Stem cells functionally reconstitute a
given tissue in vivo
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2
Q

characteristics of stem cells

A

– Not terminally differentiated
– Can divide without limit
– Undergo slow division
– When divide gives rise to 1 cell with stem cell characteristics and the
other with the ability to be differentiated

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3
Q

potency

A

proliferative potential

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4
Q

totipotency

A 
Ability to give rise to all
cells of an organism, including
embryonic and extraembryonic tissues
(cells which support embryonic
development)
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5
Q

ex of totipotency

A

zygote

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6
Q

pluripotency

A

Ability to give rise to all
cells of the embryo and subsequently
adult tissues.

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7
Q

ex of pluripotency

A

(embryonic stem cells)

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8
Q

multipotency

A

Ability to give rise to

different cell types of a given lineage.

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9
Q

ex of multipotency

A

adult stem cells

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10
Q

founder stem cells

A 
• Each tissue has fixed number of
founder cell populations
• Programmed to have fixed number of
divisions
• Controlled by short range signals that
operate for a few hundred cell
diameters
• Define the size of large final structures
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11
Q

transit amplifying cells

A 
-cells that
divide frequently
• Transit from a cell with stem cell characteristics to a differentiated cell
• Leave the basal layer and incorporate
into the layers above
• Programmed to have limited number of
divisions-> finite
-part of strategy for growth control
-committed
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12
Q

divisional asymmetry

A 
asymmetric
division may create 2 cells, one with stem
cell characteristics and another with
factors that give it the ability to
differentiate
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13
Q

environmental asymmetry

A

Division makes 2 identical cells but

environment may influence/alter 1 cell

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14
Q

immortal strand hypothesis

A 
• Some tissues’ stem cells selectively retain
original DNA
This daughter cell will retain stem cell
characteristics
• Original strand of DNA preserved in stem
cells from generation to generation
• Second cell gets the newly synthesized
strand
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15
Q

embryonic stem cells

A

-Derived from the blastocyst stage of embryo
• Capable of proliferating indefinitely in culture
• Unrestricted developmental potential
• When put back in blastocyst they can integrate well with the embryo
• Develop into different cell types
*can become tumor

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16
Q

what can give rise to teratoma

A

ES cells

17
Q

ES cell therapies

A

-successful treatment of animal models of disease

18
Q

what TF are essential for establishment and maintenance of pluripotent stem cells

A

(Nanog, Oct4, Sox2 and FoxD3)

19
Q

what are GF found in pluripotent cells

A

Cripto and GDF-3

20
Q

what is required for early stages of pluripotent cell differentiation

A

GCNF

21
Q

adult stem cells

A

Found in tissues; responds to demands of
growth/repair
-Strictly imposed by molecular restraints on gene
expression
-Restricted capacity and growth potential
• Harvested cells retain properties of the
original tissue type; have memory of its
developmental history

22
Q

Hematopoietic and Stromal Stem Cell

A

• Both come from bone
marrow
• Differ in what they can be
differentiated as

23
Q

HSC

A

blood components

24
Q

MSCS

A

connective tissues, tissues

25
Q

adult stem cell therapies

A

– Bone marrow derived mesenchymal stem cells
(BMSCs): transplant
– Adipose derived mesenchymal stem cells (AMSCs):
liposuction

26
Q

what is as serious problem in adult stem cells

A

immune rejection

27
Q

somatic nuclear transfer

A

nucleus taken from somatic cell of
patient and injected into oocyte of a donor replacing the ooctye
nucleus
– Blastocyst generated from this hybrid oocyte and ES cells isolated

28
Q

what are key gene regulatory proteins that determine ES cell character

A

Oct3/4, Sox2, Myc and KIf4.

29
Q

somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT)

A

– Combines cloning methods with embryonic stem cell technology
– Produces cells which are custom made for patient
– Solves tissue rejection problem as cells express the patient’s genes
– ES cells from patients with certain diseases; study disease development and
develop drugs
– Research has enabled reprogramming of adult cells while omitting embryo step

30
Q

induced pluripotent stem cells (ips cells)

A
  • reprogram differentiated adult cells back to plurpotency

- generates patient specific ips cells

31
Q

what TF does ips cells use

A

oct 4, sox 2, nanog, lin28

32
Q

what is a drawback to ips

A

very high potential for teratoma formation

33
Q

somatic cell nuclear transfer

A

1) remove egg nucleus
2) add somatic cell nucleus of recipient
3) stimulate cell division process
4) extract ICM from blastocyst
5) culture pluripotent embryonic stem cells

34
Q

Ethical restrictions with SCNT

A

1) stop at fusion: restricts therapeutic application

2) stop at blastocysts stage: restricts cloning but therapeutic research continues

35
Q

challenges of SCNT in disease treatment

A 
– Inefficient (may need
hundreds of oocytes)
– Technically demanding -
needs to be available in many
or all hospitals
36
Q

source of oocytes in SCNT

A

Self,

Mother, Relative, Egg bank

MCM test 2 (16 decks)

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