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MCM test 2 > Cell Organelles DSA > Flashcards

Cell Organelles DSA Flashcards

1
Q

The liver haptocyte has a high amount of this membrane

A

mitochondria inner membrane

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2
Q

the pancreatic exocrine cells has a high amount of this membrane

A

Rough ER membrane

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3
Q

What are the 3 topological categories

A

!) Nucleus and cytosol (communicate through nuclear pore
complex).

2) Organelles in secretory and endocytic pathways (ER, Golgi apparatus, endosomes, and lysosomes) (communicate through vesicles).
3) Mitochondria

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4
Q

what allows compartments to communicate with each other and cell exterior

A

fusion and budding

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5
Q

What compartments does the ER divide the cytoplasm into?

A

1) The luminal or cisternal compartment.

2) The cytoplasmic or cytosolic compartment

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6
Q

Rough ER imp functions

A

1) Proteins are modified &
Ribosomes assembled
2) Segregation of proteins for intracellular use and
3)Export from the cell (collagen, cell membrane proteins)

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7
Q

how are secretory proteins directed to the ER?

A

signal sequence

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8
Q

proteins that exit RER in vesicles travel to which portion of Golgi

A

cis portion

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9
Q

how does the smooth ER differ from rough ER?

A
  • Lacks ribosomes

- Tubular cisternae

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10
Q

Functions of smooth ER

A
  • Glycogen metabolism
  • Lipid synthesis
  • Phospholipid synthesis (other membranes)
  • Detoxification
  • Steroidogenesis
  • Calcium regulation
  • abundant in cells that make steroid or lipids
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11
Q

what are functions of the Golgi complex?

A
  • Modification of carbohydrates attached to glycoproteins and proteoglycans
  • Polysaccharide & oligosaccharide synthesis
  • Synthesis of sphingomyelin and glycosphingolipids
  • Sorting secretory products
  • Packaging & storing secretory products into secretory granules or vesicles
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12
Q

what does the golgi complex mark lysomal enzymes with

A

mannose-6-phosphate (M6P)

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13
Q

the golgi dissembles during _____ and reassembles in _____

A

mitosis/meisosi and interphase

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14
Q

clathrin coated vesicles

A

transporting products from the Golgi apparatus to lysosomes or products from the exterior of the cell to lysosomes (like cholesterol)

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15
Q

COP (coat protein) I coated vesicles

A

transporting products between stacks of the Golgi apparatus

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16
Q

COP II coated vesicles

A

transporting products from the endoplasmic reticulum to the Golgi apparatus

17
Q

what mediates clathrin binding to vesicular membrane

A

adaptin

18
Q

in COP coated vesicles what leads to vesicle budding

A

coatomer

19
Q

In COP coated vesicles what leads to disassembly of the vesicle coat

A

hydrolysis bound GTP changes ARF to GDP-bound leading to disassembly of the vesicle coat before the vesicles fuses with a target membrane

20
Q

what causes the neck of a clatherin coated vesicle to be pinched off?

A

dynamin

21
Q

what mediates clathrin binding to vesicle membrane?

A

adaptins

22
Q

at what pH are lysosomes most active?

A

acidic pH

23
Q

what is the lysosomal sorting pathway?

A

1) synthesis of lysomal enzyme
2) phosphorylation of lysosomal enzymes (mannose 6-P (M6P)
3) inter-golgi transporting vesicles
4) binding of lysosomal enzymes to M6P receptors
5) clathrin coated transporting vesicle
6) clathrin coat is lost. M6P receptor is recycled in Golgi and lysomal enzymes soared in primary lysosome

24
Q

how to lysosomes maintain an acidic environment?

A

AtP-dependent H+ pump

25
Q

primary lysosomes

A
  • the storage site of lysosomal hydrolases
  • No digestive events
  • Homogeneous
  • Inactive enzymes
26
Q

secondary lysosomes

A
  • engaged in a catalytic process
  • Digestive enzymes
  • Heterogeneous
  • Active enzymes
27
Q

what are the 3 pathways for intracellular degradation

A

1) phagocytosis
2) autophagy
3) receptor mediated endocytosis

28
Q

how are lysosomes formed

A
  • from the fusion of transport vesicle with endoscope

- early endoscopes mature to late endoscopes (precursors to secondary lysosomes)

29
Q

what is an imp change in endosome maturation?

A

lower of internal ph to 5.5

30
Q

Familial hypercholesterolemia

A
  • Mechanism of cholesterol uptake is disrupted
  • Characterized by elevation of LDL, the predominant cholesterol transport protein in the plasma
  • Primary defect is mutation in gene encoding the LDL receptor
  • High levels of LDL lead to atherosclerotic plaques
31
Q

peroxisomes

A

-found in cytoplasm
-contains a number of enzymes that forms hydrogen peroxide (immediately broken down by catalase)
functions
•synthesis and degradation of hydrogen peroxide
•ß -oxidation of long-chain fatty acids
•bile acid and cholesterol synthesis
•detoxify alcohol

32
Q

Zellweger spectrum disorder

A
  • peroxisome biogenesis disorder
  • defects in assembly of peroxisome
  • defect in any 1 of 12 genes
  • most serious= absent or reduced number of peroxisomes in cells
  • present at birth, no cure, usually death in first year of life
33
Q

which organelles originated from bacteria?

A

mitochondria and chloroplast

-adapted to generate and harness energy

34
Q

are mitochondria more or less dynamic in high energy cells?

A

less dynamic

-can pack tightly

35
Q

what is the evolution of mitochondria?

A

-fermenting bacteria to photosynthesis, to cellular respiration

36
Q

changes in mt ___ have been linked to over 200 disease states

A

tRNAs

37
Q

what does mutations of mt tRNAs prevent?

A

tRNA aminoacylation

38
Q

what are 2 types of mitochondrial disease

A
  • sometimes caused by mutations in the mt DNA that affect mitochondrial function
  • Other causes of mt disease are mutations in the genes of the nuclear DNA, whose gene products are imported into as mt proteins as well as acquired mt conditions

MCM test 2 (16 decks)

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