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MCM test 2 > Basic Blood > Flashcards

Basic Blood Flashcards

1
Q

function of blood

A

• Delivery of nutrients & oxygen AND transport of wastes & CO2
• Delivery of hormones, regulatory substances, immune system cells
• Maintenance of homeostasis: acts as a buffer, participates in
coagulation, thermoregulation

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2
Q

packed cell volume (PCV)

A

Volume of RBCs in a

sample of blood

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3
Q

Buffy coat

A

Leukocytes & platelets
constitute only 1% of the
blood volume

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4
Q

blood plasma

A
  • Liquid extracellular material, >90% H2O by weight
  • Solvent for a variety of solutes:
  • Proteins, regulatory substances
  • Nutrients, electrolytes, dissolved gases
  • Wastes
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5
Q

Interstitial fluid:

A

fluid found surrounding tissue cells, derived
from blood plasma
-ulfiltrate of blood

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6
Q

plasma proteins

A

albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

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7
Q

serum

A

blood plasma without clotting factors

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8
Q

albumin

A

main protein constituent (50%) of plasma
- made in liver
-Responsible for exerting the concentration gradient btwn blood & EC
tissue fluid
-Carrier protein for thyroxine, bilirubin, barbiturates

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9
Q

what is a major source of colloid osmotic pressure

A

albumin

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10
Q

immunoglobulins (γ-globulins)

A

largest component, functional immune-

system molecules

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11
Q

Non-immune globulins (α-globulin & β-globulin):

A

-Maintain the osmotic pressure within the vascular system & serve as carrier proteins
• Includes fibronectin, lipoproteins, & coagulation factors

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12
Q

fibrinogen

A

largest plasma protein (340 kDa), is made in the liver

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13
Q

conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

A

• In conversion, fibrinogen chains → monomers → polymerize forming long
fibers
• Become cross-linked → form an impermeable net preventing further blood
loss

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14
Q

functional components of blood cells

A
  • Erythrocytes
  • Leukocytes
  • Platelets
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15
Q

where are blood cells formed

A

• All formed in bone marrow

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16
Q

erythrocytes

A 
• Anucleate cells devoid of typical
organelles
• Biconcave disc, extremely flexible
• Bind O2 for delivery to tissues & bind
CO2 for removal from tissues
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17
Q

lifespan of erythrocytes

A 
• Lifespan = 120 days
• ~1% of RBCs are removed
each day
• Phagocytosed in spleen, bone
marrow, & liver
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18
Q

reticulocytes

A

• Immature RBCs released into circulation
from bone marrow
• Have not yet shed all of their nuclear
material & still have organelles
• Will mature into erythrocytes in 24-48hrs

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19
Q

what are the integral membrane proteins in erythrocyte cytoskeleton

A
  • glycophorin C

- Band 3 protein

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20
Q

glycophorin C

A

-integral membrane protein (erythrocyte cytoskeleton)
-attaches
underlying cytoskeletal protein
network to cell membrane

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21
Q

band 3 protein

A

-integral membrane protein (erythrocyte cytoskeleton)
-binds
hemoglobin & acts as an
anchoring site for the
cytoskeletal proteins (most
abundant)

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22
Q

what are the peripheral membrane erythrocyte cytoskeleton proteins

A

-Lattice is composed α-spectrin & β-

spectrin molecules

23
Q

what are spectrin filaments anchored by

A

• Band 4.1 protein complex
• Ankyrin protein complex (ankyrin &
band 4.2 protein

24
Q

what % of whole blood are erythrocytes

25
what % of whole blood is Buffy coat
1%
26
what percent of whole blood is plasma
55%
27
what does band 4.1 protein complex interact with
glycophorin C
28
what does ankyrin protein complex interact with?
band 3
29
Anemia
decreased Hb levels
30
what are most anemias caused by?
reduction in number of RBCS
31
hemolytic anemia
accelerated destruction of RBCS
32
what can lead to decreased RBC production?
Insufficient dietary Fe, vitamin B12, or folic acid
33
clinical symptoms of anemia
* Weakness, fatigue, & loss of energy | * Frequent headaches, difficulty concentrating, dizziness, pale skin
34
Hereditary spherocytosis:
- autosomal dominant - affects ankyrin complex - defective anchor points (membrane detaches and peels off)
35
Hereditary elliptocytosis:
• Autosomal dominant mutation - Spectrin-to-spectrin lateral bonds & spectrin-ankyrin-band 4.1 protein junctions are defective - Membrane fails to rebound & progressively elongates
36
jaundice
Can be caused by the destruction of circulating erythrocytes • Characteristic in a variety of hemolytic anemias that result from: • Inherited RBC defects (hereditary spherocytosis) • Pathogenic microorganisms, animal venoms, chemicals, & drugs
37
sickle cell anemia
-changes glutamic acid for valine -• HbS molecules aggregate & grow in length • Sickle-shaped at ↓O2sat - more fragile break after ~ 20 days -pile up
38
neutrophils
``` • Multi-lobed nucleus, polymorphonuclear neutrophils or polymorphs • General lack of cytoplasmic staining • Function in acute inflammation & tissue injury ```
39
1. Azurophilic granules
-type of neutrophil granule -(primary granules): lysosomes containing myeloperoxidase (MPO)
40
2. Specific granules (secondary granules):
-type of neutrophil granule -various enzymes, complement activators, & antimicrobial peptides
41
Tertiary granules (two types):
* Phosphatases | * Metalloproteinases - facilitate migration of through CT
42
eosinophils
• About same size as neutrophils • Nuclei are typically bi-lobed • Contain large & elongated specific & azurophilic granules • Release arylsulfatase & histaminase • Phagocytose antigen–Ab complexes • Increase counts w/ allergies and/or parasitic infections (worms) → eosinophilia • May mediate chronic inflammation (i.e., lung tissues in asthmatics)
43
basophils
• About the same size as neutrophils • Least numerous < 0.5% • Lobed nucleus is usually obscured by the granules • Functionally related to mast cells (connective tissue) • Bind an antigen-IgE antibody complex (plasma cells) triggers activation • Release of vasoactive agents from granules • Responsible for the severe vascular disturbances associated with hypersensitivity reactions and anaphylaxis
44
lymphocytes
Functionally distinct : T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, & Natural Killer (NK) cells T & B cells are indistinguishable in blood smears & sections • NK cells can be identified by size, nuclear shape, & cytoplasmic granules
45
T lymphocytes (T cells):
undergo differentiation in the thymus; long | life span & are involved in cell-mediated immunity
46
B lymphocytes (B cells):
form & differentiate in bone marrow; | transform into plasma cells → antibodies
47
NK cells
programmed to kill virus-infected and/or tumor cells
48
monocytes
• Largest of the WBCs (~18 μm) • Indented, heart-shaped nucleus • Contain small, azurophilic granules • Differentiate into phagocytes in tissues • Mononuclear phagocytotic system • Osteoclasts, Kupffer cells (liver) • Macrophages of connective tissue, lymph nodes, spleen, & bone marrow • Inflammation: monocyte leaves vasculature → macrophage → phagocytosis
49
thrombocytes
``` • Small, membrane-bound, cytoplasmic fragments • Derived from megakaryocyte: large polyploid cells in bone marrow • Involved in hemostasis, control of bleeding -platelets ```
50
platelet release of serotonin causes
potent vasoconstrictor → smooth muscle | contraction → reduces blood flow at injury
51
platelet release of ADP & thromboxane A2:
increase aggregation of platelets | to form primary hemostatic plug
52
what kind of plug does platelet conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin cause
→ secondary hemostatic plug
53
diapedesis
- Neutrophils leave the circulation & migrate to their site of action in tissues - Controlled by adhesion molecules that interact with ligands on endothelial cells - Further directed to injury site by chemotaxis

MCM test 2 (16 decks)

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