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MCM test 2 > Basic Blood > Flashcards

Basic Blood Flashcards

1
Q

function of blood

A

• Delivery of nutrients & oxygen AND transport of wastes & CO2
• Delivery of hormones, regulatory substances, immune system cells
• Maintenance of homeostasis: acts as a buffer, participates in
coagulation, thermoregulation

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2
Q

packed cell volume (PCV)

A

Volume of RBCs in a

sample of blood

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3
Q

Buffy coat

A

Leukocytes & platelets
constitute only 1% of the
blood volume

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4
Q

blood plasma

A
  • Liquid extracellular material, >90% H2O by weight
  • Solvent for a variety of solutes:
  • Proteins, regulatory substances
  • Nutrients, electrolytes, dissolved gases
  • Wastes
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5
Q

Interstitial fluid:

A

fluid found surrounding tissue cells, derived
from blood plasma
-ulfiltrate of blood

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6
Q

plasma proteins

A

albumin, globulins, fibrinogen

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7
Q

serum

A

blood plasma without clotting factors

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8
Q

albumin

A

main protein constituent (50%) of plasma
- made in liver
-Responsible for exerting the concentration gradient btwn blood & EC
tissue fluid
-Carrier protein for thyroxine, bilirubin, barbiturates

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9
Q

what is a major source of colloid osmotic pressure

A

albumin

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10
Q

immunoglobulins (γ-globulins)

A

largest component, functional immune-

system molecules

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11
Q

Non-immune globulins (α-globulin & β-globulin):

A

-Maintain the osmotic pressure within the vascular system & serve as carrier proteins
• Includes fibronectin, lipoproteins, & coagulation factors

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12
Q

fibrinogen

A

largest plasma protein (340 kDa), is made in the liver

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13
Q

conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin

A

• In conversion, fibrinogen chains → monomers → polymerize forming long
fibers
• Become cross-linked → form an impermeable net preventing further blood
loss

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14
Q

functional components of blood cells

A
  • Erythrocytes
  • Leukocytes
  • Platelets
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15
Q

where are blood cells formed

A

• All formed in bone marrow

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16
Q

erythrocytes

A 
• Anucleate cells devoid of typical
organelles
• Biconcave disc, extremely flexible
• Bind O2 for delivery to tissues & bind
CO2 for removal from tissues
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17
Q

lifespan of erythrocytes

A 
• Lifespan = 120 days
• ~1% of RBCs are removed
each day
• Phagocytosed in spleen, bone
marrow, & liver
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18
Q

reticulocytes

A

• Immature RBCs released into circulation
from bone marrow
• Have not yet shed all of their nuclear
material & still have organelles
• Will mature into erythrocytes in 24-48hrs

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19
Q

what are the integral membrane proteins in erythrocyte cytoskeleton

A
  • glycophorin C

- Band 3 protein

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20
Q

glycophorin C

A

-integral membrane protein (erythrocyte cytoskeleton)
-attaches
underlying cytoskeletal protein
network to cell membrane

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21
Q

band 3 protein

A

-integral membrane protein (erythrocyte cytoskeleton)
-binds
hemoglobin & acts as an
anchoring site for the
cytoskeletal proteins (most
abundant)

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22
Q

what are the peripheral membrane erythrocyte cytoskeleton proteins

A

-Lattice is composed α-spectrin & β-

spectrin molecules

23
Q

what are spectrin filaments anchored by

A

• Band 4.1 protein complex
• Ankyrin protein complex (ankyrin &
band 4.2 protein

24
Q

what % of whole blood are erythrocytes

A

44%

25
Q

what % of whole blood is Buffy coat

A

1%

26
Q

what percent of whole blood is plasma

A

55%

27
Q

what does band 4.1 protein complex interact with

A

glycophorin C

28
Q

what does ankyrin protein complex interact with?

A

band 3

29
Q

Anemia

A

decreased Hb levels

30
Q

what are most anemias caused by?

A

reduction in number of RBCS

31
Q

hemolytic anemia

A

accelerated destruction of RBCS

32
Q

what can lead to decreased RBC production?

A

Insufficient dietary Fe, vitamin B12, or folic acid

33
Q

clinical symptoms of anemia

A
  • Weakness, fatigue, & loss of energy

* Frequent headaches, difficulty concentrating, dizziness, pale skin

34
Q

Hereditary spherocytosis:

A
  • autosomal dominant
  • affects ankyrin complex
  • defective anchor points (membrane detaches and peels off)
35
Q

Hereditary elliptocytosis:

A

• Autosomal dominant mutation

  • Spectrin-to-spectrin lateral bonds & spectrin-ankyrin-band 4.1 protein junctions are defective
  • Membrane fails to rebound & progressively elongates
36
Q

jaundice

A

Can be caused by the destruction of circulating erythrocytes
• Characteristic in a variety of hemolytic anemias that result from:
• Inherited RBC defects (hereditary spherocytosis)
• Pathogenic microorganisms, animal venoms, chemicals, & drugs

37
Q

sickle cell anemia

A

-changes glutamic acid for valine
-• HbS molecules aggregate & grow in length
• Sickle-shaped at ↓O2sat
- more fragile break after ~ 20 days
-pile up

38
Q

neutrophils

A 
• Multi-lobed nucleus,
polymorphonuclear
neutrophils or polymorphs
• General lack of cytoplasmic staining
• Function in acute inflammation &
tissue injury
39
Q
  1. Azurophilic granules
A

-type of neutrophil granule
-(primary granules): lysosomes
containing myeloperoxidase (MPO)

40
Q
  1. Specific granules (secondary granules):
A

-type of neutrophil granule
-various enzymes,
complement activators, & antimicrobial peptides

41
Q

Tertiary granules (two types):

A
  • Phosphatases

* Metalloproteinases - facilitate migration of through CT

42
Q

eosinophils

A

• About same size as neutrophils
• Nuclei are typically bi-lobed
• Contain large & elongated specific & azurophilic granules
• Release arylsulfatase & histaminase
• Phagocytose antigen–Ab complexes
• Increase counts w/ allergies and/or parasitic
infections (worms) → eosinophilia
• May mediate chronic inflammation (i.e., lung
tissues in asthmatics)

43
Q

basophils

A

• About the same size as neutrophils
• Least numerous < 0.5%
• Lobed nucleus is usually obscured by the granules
• Functionally related to mast cells (connective tissue)
• Bind an antigen-IgE antibody complex (plasma cells) triggers activation
• Release of vasoactive agents from granules
• Responsible for the severe vascular
disturbances associated with hypersensitivity reactions and anaphylaxis

44
Q

lymphocytes

A

Functionally distinct : T lymphocytes, B lymphocytes, & Natural
Killer (NK) cells
T & B cells are indistinguishable in blood smears & sections
• NK cells can be identified by size, nuclear shape, & cytoplasmic
granules

45
Q

T lymphocytes (T cells):

A

undergo differentiation in the thymus; long

life span & are involved in cell-mediated immunity

46
Q

B lymphocytes (B cells):

A

form & differentiate in bone marrow;

transform into plasma cells → antibodies

47
Q

NK cells

A

programmed to kill virus-infected and/or tumor cells

48
Q

monocytes

A

• Largest of the WBCs (~18 μm)
• Indented, heart-shaped nucleus
• Contain small, azurophilic granules
• Differentiate into phagocytes in tissues
• Mononuclear phagocytotic system
• Osteoclasts, Kupffer cells (liver)
• Macrophages of connective tissue, lymph
nodes, spleen, & bone marrow
• Inflammation: monocyte leaves vasculature
→ macrophage → phagocytosis

49
Q

thrombocytes

A 
• Small, membrane-bound, cytoplasmic
fragments
• Derived from megakaryocyte: large
polyploid cells in bone marrow
• Involved in hemostasis, control of bleeding
-platelets
50
Q

platelet release of serotonin causes

A

potent vasoconstrictor → smooth muscle

contraction → reduces blood flow at injury

51
Q

platelet release of ADP & thromboxane A2:

A

increase aggregation of platelets

to form primary hemostatic plug

52
Q

what kind of plug does platelet conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin cause

A

→ secondary hemostatic plug

53
Q

diapedesis

A
  • Neutrophils leave the circulation & migrate to their site of action in tissues
  • Controlled by adhesion molecules that interact with ligands on endothelial cells
  • Further directed to injury site by chemotaxis

MCM test 2 (16 decks)

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