Stem Cells

Question 1

Name 2 processes in which cells can grow

Answer 1

Hyperplasia and hypertrophy

Question 2

Which 2 types of cell can stem cells generate when they divide?

Answer 2

Stem cells and progenitor cells

Question 3

How do stem cells reduce the risk of cancer?

Answer 3

They reduce the number of cells that are immortal

Question 4

Which tissue has both monopotent and pluripotent stem cells?

Answer 4

Epidermis

Question 5

Which are the monopotent stem cells in the epidermis?

Answer 5

Basal cells

Question 6

Which are the pluripotent stem cells in the epidermis?

Answer 6

Bulge cells

Question 7

Where are blood cells made in
A)the embryo
B) the foetus
C)the adult

Answer 7

A)yolk sac
B) liver
C) bone marrow

Question 8

Name the 5 myeloid progenitors in the bone marrow

Answer 8

Red cells, megakaryocytes, monocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils

Question 9

Which cells are formed in primitive embryonic haematopoiesis

Answer 9

Nucleated red blood cells and phagocytes

Question 10

Which cells are produced from definitive embryonic haematopoiesis?

Answer 10

All lineages (red blood cells enucleate)

Question 11

How does foetal haemoglobin differ from adult haemoglobin?

Answer 11

HbF has 2 alpha chains and 2 gamma chains

HbA has 2 alpha chains and 2 beta chains

Question 12

Which disease is caused by a mutation in the gene for gp91 or NOX2 and is characterised by a very reduced ability of phagocytes to kill microorganisms?

Answer 12

Chronic granulomatous disease

Question 13

These are the characteristics of which disease: lack of common gamma subunit of interleukin receptors, T-cells cannot respond to growth signals and B-cells fail to mature

Answer 13

X-linked SCID

Question 14

These are the characteristics of which disease: lack of adenosine deaminase enzyme, buildup of deoxyadenosine which is toxic to T- and B-cells

Answer 14

ADA-negative SCID

Question 15

What are the symptoms of SCID

Answer 15

Microbial and viral infections, reduced/absent T-cell count, skeletal abmormalities

Question 16

Which disease is caused by a mutation at point 6 on the beta-globin gene where glutamate is swapped for valine?

Answer 16

Sickle cell disease

Question 17

What are the symptoms of sickle cell disease?

Answer 17

Vascular occlusion leading to pain, anaemia, splenomegaly, aplastic crisis, pulmonary hypertension

Question 18

What is the inheritance pattern for sickle-cell disease?

Answer 18

Autosomal recessive

Question 19

Where are haemopoietic stem cells found?

Answer 19

In the bone marrow which is adjacent to bone (endosteal)

Question 20

Does sickle cell disease give immunity to malaria?

Answer 20

No- sickle cell trait gives immunity to malaria but sickle cell disease makes you more susceptible

Question 21

Name 2 problems in haemopoietic stem cell transplant in non-malignant conditions

Answer 21

Rejection and graft versus host disease

Question 22

What is meant by ‘chimaeric blood’ in twins

Answer 22

HSCs from one twin may include HSCs from the other twin