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Developmental Basis Of Birth Defects > Development Of The Craniofacial Complex > Flashcards

Development Of The Craniofacial Complex Flashcards

1
Q

Is the cranial mesoderm segmented or unsegmented?

A

Unsegmented

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2
Q

What is the fate of the neural crest cells influenced by?

A

Their position along the A-P axis

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3
Q

What are the derivatives of the cranial neural crest?

A
  1. Connective tissues and part of cornea of eye
  2. Truncoconal septum
  3. Pharyngeal arch cartilages
  4. Bones of face
  5. Odontoblasts
  6. Dermis of neck and face
  7. Some cranial nerve ganglia
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4
Q

What are the derivatives of the trunk neural crest?

A
  1. Adrenal medulla
  2. Dorsal root ganglia
  3. Preaortic ganglia
  4. Chain ganglia
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5
Q

When do the branchial arches appear?

A

4-5 weeks

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6
Q

What do the branchial arches consist of?

A

A bar of mesenchymal tissue, lined on the inside by endoderm and the outside by ectoderm

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7
Q

How many branchial arches are there?

A

5

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8
Q

Which arch forms the upper and lower jaw?

A

1st arch

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9
Q

What are the muscle and cartilage derivatives of the 2nd arch?

A

Muscles of facial expression.

Stapes,styloid process, stylohyoid ligament and lesser horns of hyoid

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10
Q

What are the muscle and cartilages derivatives of the 3rd arch?

A

Stylopharyngeus.

Greater horns of the hyoid

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11
Q

What are the muscle and cartilage derivatives of the 4th arch?

A

Constrictors of pharynx.

Cartilages of larynx

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12
Q

What are the muscle and cartilage derivatives of the 6th arch?

A

Intrinsic muscles of he larynx.

Cartilages of the larynx

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13
Q

What divides the frontonasal prominence into medial and lateral nasal prominences?

A

Nasal pit

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14
Q

When is the morphology if the face established?

A

Weeks 4-10

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15
Q

What does bifid nose result from?

A

Incomplete fusion of the medial nasal prominences

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16
Q

What does cleft chin result from?

A

Incomplete fusion of the left and right mandibular processes

17
Q

What happens when the maxillary swellings fail to fuse with the intermaxillary process?

A

Cleft lip

18
Q

What is the primary palate formed from?

A

An extension if the intermaxillary process

19
Q

What is the secondary palate formed from?

A

Palatine shelves

20
Q

When do the palatial shelves fuse?

A

Weeks 7-10

21
Q

Which syndrome is classified by a small lower jaw, posterior placement of the tongue and cleft palate?

A

Pierre-Robin sequence

22
Q

Mutations in which gene causes Treacher-Collins syndrome?

A

TCOF1

23
Q

What happens to neural crest cells in Treacher-Collins syndrome?

A

There is reduced neural crest migration due to increased apoptosis

24
Q

Mutations in which signalling molecule causes holoprosencephaly?

A

Shh

25
Q

What is the most common environmental cause of holoprosencephaly?

A

Maternal diabetes

26
Q

What are the 4 stages of severity of holoprosencephaly?

A

Alobar, semilobar, lobar, microform

27
Q

Which signalling pathway is involved in dividing the forebrain?

A

Shh

28
Q

Which signalling pathway is key to specifying the midline?

A

Shh

29
Q

What facial defects can be caused by

a) low Shh levels
b) high Shh levels

A

A) cyclopia

B) diprosopus

30
Q

Which syndrome is classified by an absence of parathyroids, congenital hypoparathyroidism, immune deficiency and tetralogy of Fallot

A

DiGeorge syndrome

31
Q

Mutation in which signalling molecule causes DiGeorge syndrome?

A

FGF8

32
Q

Which end of the splanchnic mesoderm are cardiogenic precursors found?

A

Cranial end

33
Q

Name 4 syndromes associated with craniosynostosis

A

Muenke syndrome, Apert syndrome, Crouzon syndrome and Pfeiffer syndrome

34
Q

Mutations in which signalling pathway cause craniosynostosis?

A

FGF

35
Q

What is the hallmark of a foetus exposed to retinoic acid?

A

Absent/defective ears and small jaw

36
Q

What is the effect of retinoic acid on neural crest cells?

A

It induces death of neural crest cells

37
Q

What are 3 characteristics of foetal alcohol syndrome?

A

Thin upper lip
Rounded, indistinct philtrum
Small eyelids

Developmental Basis Of Birth Defects (7 decks)

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