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Molecular Biology Exam 3 > Stem Cell Engineering > Flashcards

Stem Cell Engineering Flashcards

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1
Q

Characteristics of SCNT

A
  • NUCLEUS taken from Somatic cell of pt and injected into OOCYTE of a DONOR replacing the oocyte nucleus
  • Blastocyst generated from this hybrid oocyte
  • ES cells are isolated
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2
Q

Biochemical Comparisons of ES cell character with other types suggest what?

A

Candidate genes

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3
Q

What can be added to cultured ESC to make a NEURON

A

Retinoic Acid only

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4
Q

What are the Key determinants of ES cell Character?

A

Gene Regulatory Proteins

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5
Q

What can be added to cultured ESC to make a SMOOTH Muscle Cell?

A
  • DiButyryl cAMP

+

  • Retinoic Acid
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6
Q

Problems with SCNT

A
  • Inefficient
    (May need 100+ eggs)
  • Technically damaging
  • Not available in many hospital
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7
Q

Purpose of SCNT

A
  • Combines cloning and ESC technology to produce cells that are COSTOM for the patient
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8
Q

What do ES cells give rise to when Injected into Host animal?

A
  • Bone
  • Cartilage
  • Skin
  • Respiratory lining
  • Gut
  • Nerves

“Bill Cosby Seems Really Guilty Now”

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9
Q

Challenges of regenerative medicine

A
  • Proper integration into tissue/organ
  • Tissue rejection
  • Genetic/Epigenetic Aberrations
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10
Q

What can be added to cultured ESC to make an ASTROCYTE or OLIGODENDROCYTE?

A
  1. Fibroblast growth factor
    (FGF)
  2. FGF-2 and Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF)
  3. FGF-2 and Platelet-derived Growth Factor
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11
Q

What stage of the embryo development should one harvest for Pluripotent stem cells?

A

Blastocyst

  • Use the ICM to plate and culture to make the Pluripotent stem cells
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12
Q

What does NOT reform from skin of burn patients?

A
  • Hair follicles

- Sebaceous glands

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13
Q

Downside of ES-Like cells

A
  • Yield LOW

- NOT Identical to ES cells

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14
Q

What can be added to cultured ESC to make a MACROPHAGE?

A
  1. Macrophage Colony Stimulating factor

2. IL-1 and IL-3

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15
Q

Components of the artificial matrix

A
  • Collagen and GAG

- Lined with thin membrane of SILICONE rubber on outside

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16
Q

What migrates towards the artificial skin and reform the CT

A
  • Fibroblast

- Blood Capillaries

17
Q

Use of SC to Repair the SKIN

A
  • Cultured Epidermal Cells from healthy skin regions of patients used to isolate stem cells
  • Used to repopulate the damaged areas
18
Q

Why are ES Cells good for artificially making new tissues?

A
  • Pluripotency well established
  • Good growth properties in vitro
  • ES cells have ability to differentiate into a wide range of tissues if provided the right set of conditions
19
Q

SCNT used to treat Diabetes

A
  1. Pluripotent cell turned into PANCREATIC Stem cell
  2. Injected into Pancreas
  3. Stem -> Multipotent -> Pancreatic Cell
20
Q

What developmental capacity of stem cell differentiation is best suited for reverse engineering?

A

Pluripotent Cell

  • Embryonic Stem Cells
21
Q

Alternative Approaches: To induce ES Cell-Like Properties

A

Induced Pluripotent Stem cells (iPS)

22
Q

Immediate replacement of skin repair

A
  • Use from Cadaver

- Artificial matrix
For preventing water loss

23
Q

What are the 4 regulatory proteins that make the somatic cells into ES-Like cells?

A
  1. Sox2
  2. Oct3/4
  3. Klf4
  4. Myc
24
Q

Stem Cell Treatment for Leukemia

A
  1. Haematopoietic SC taken and multiplied in culture
  2. Transplanted into patient
  3. Inside
    - Pluripotent -> Multipotent -> Myeloid Progenitor cells -> RBC
25
Q

Pros of using Umbilical Cord blood

A
  • Undifferentiated
  • No ethical problem
  • No Genetic manipulations
26
Q

Use of ES cells in Drug discovery

A
  1. Could be used to study Disease MECHANISMS
  2. High THROUGHPUT Screening
  3. Can be used to screen libraries of compounds for Customized Treatment Strategies
27
Q

ES cells often gives rise to what?

A
  • Disorganized growths

- Often form teratomas with NO axis formation or segmentation

28
Q

Purpose of Reprogramming Adult cells

A

It would be better if the ADULT cells could be CONVERTED into ES-LIKE cells

  • By manipulating gene expression directly
29
Q

Sources of Eggs used for SCNT

A
  • Self
  • Mother
  • Relative
  • Donor match
30
Q

What can be added to cultured ESC to make an ADIPOCYTE?

A
  1. Retinoic Acid

2. Insulin and Thyroid Hormone

31
Q

Characteristics of Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells (iPSC)

A
  • Somatic cells can be REPROGRAMMED

- By exposing them to defined LIMITED sets of transcription factors
Genes for Stem-Ness

32
Q

Alternative Approaches: Different Sources of Human ES cells

A

Somatic Cell Nuclear TRANSFER (SCNT)

Molecular Biology Exam 3 (5 decks)

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