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Molecular Biology Exam 3 > Development Of Multicellular Org II > Flashcards

Development Of Multicellular Org II Flashcards

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1
Q

Growth Cones travel towards target cells along what?

A

Predictable routes

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2
Q

Short term effects of NGF

A
  • Effect on growth cone and Neurite extension
  • Local, direct, and rapid
  • INDEPENDENT of communication with the cell body
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3
Q

How many neurons in the brain?

A

10E11

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4
Q

Phase 2 of Neural Development

A
  • Axons and Dendrites grow out along specific routes

- Setting up a Provisional but ORDERLY Network of connections b/w various parts of the system

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5
Q

Formation of the neural tube

A
  • Starts w/ a Neural GROOVE on the Dorsal side of the Embryo
  • Gradually deepens as Neural FOLDS become elevated
  • Ultimately the folds meet and coalesce in the middle
  • Closes to form a tube
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6
Q

Ex of Chemotactic Factors

A
  1. Netrin (attractant)
  2. Slit (repellent)
  3. Semaphorin (repellent pushing Neuron to Brain)
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7
Q

Neural crest generate what cell types?

A
  1. Neurons and Glial cells of the PNS
  2. Epinephrine producing cells of adrenal gland
  3. Many Skeletal and CT of the HEAD
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8
Q

T/F: Axons and Dendrites are NOT distinguishable at first?

A

True

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9
Q

Characteristics of Chemotactic Factors

A
  • Secreted by cells
  • Acts as guidance factors at strategic points along path
  • May be Attractive or Repulsive
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10
Q

Neurulation

A

Closure of the Neural Tube

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11
Q

Roof Plate of the Neural Tube secretes what?

A

BMP and Wnt

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12
Q

What does Signal proteins secreted fro the Ventral and Dorsal side of the Neural Tube do?

A
  • Act as opposing Morphogens

- Causing neurons at diff D/V positions to express Different Regulatory proteins

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13
Q

PNS origin

A

Derived from the Neural CREST

  • Nerves, sensory neurons
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14
Q

What triggers the lasting change in synaptic strength?

A

Entry of Ca2+ through the Glutamate receptor

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15
Q

What regulates which growth cones synapse and where?

A

Signal from target tissue

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16
Q

The center of the Neural Tube is called what?

A

Neural CANAL

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17
Q

Typical axon length range

A

Less than 1mm

To

More than 1m

18
Q

What Matrix molec favors growth? Which one inhibits it?

A
  1. Laminin

2. Chondroitin Sulfate PTG

19
Q

What forms a axon in Neuronal migration?

A

When a growth CONE starts migrating Fast

  • Develops Axon-Specific Proteins
20
Q

How many connections does one Neuron make?

A

About 1000

21
Q

Neural crest Migration

A

Migrate extensively during or shortly after neurulation

22
Q

The Fate of the Neural Crest cells depend on what?

A

Where the MIGRATE to

23
Q

What rules are Synaptic Remodeling dependent on?

A
  1. Axons from cells in DIFFERENT regions of Retina COMPETE for tectal neurons
  2. Axons from NEIGHBORING sites which are excited at SAME time to strengthen synapses
24
Q

Role of the Tectum

A

Responsible for Visual and Auditory Reflexes

25
Q

Floor Plate of the Neural Tube secretes what?

A

SHH

26
Q

Where do Neural Crest cells originate?

A

From the DORSAL End of the Neural Tube

27
Q

Long term effects of NGF

A
  • Effect on cell Survival
  • Mediated by its receptor
  • Uptake into cells via Endocytosis and stimulation do downstream signaling pathways
28
Q

CNS origin

A

Derived from the Neural TUBE

  • Brain, SC, Retina
29
Q

Activity Dependent synaptic remodeling is dependent on what?

A

ELECTRICAL activity

And

Synaptic signaling

30
Q

Why do 50% of Neurons die after they reach target cell?

A
  • Made in excess
  • Target cell produces limited amount of specific Neurotropic factors needed for survival
  • Those that do not get enough die by PCD
31
Q

Phase 1 of Neural Development

A
  • Diff cell types (Neurons, glia) develop INDEPENDENTLY
  • At widely separate locations in embryo according to local program
  • UNCONNECTED
32
Q

Neurons are produced in association with what?

A

Glial Cells

33
Q

In the Neural Tube, what controls Lateral Inhibition and Positive Feedback?

A

Delta Notch

34
Q

EMC mediated by what?

A

Homophilic Cell adhesion molecules

  1. IG Superfamily
  2. Cadherin Family
35
Q

Growth cone behavior

A
  • Dictated by its cytoskeletal Machinery

- Throw out Filopodia and Lamelopodia

36
Q

What controls the movement of Growth Cones?

A
  • Monomeric GTPases Rho and Rac

- They control the assembly/disassembly of ACTIN Filaments

37
Q

Characteristics of Nerve Growth Factor.

A
  • Belongs to fam of Neurotrophins
  • NGF receptor is Tyrosine Kinase A
  • Promotes the SURVIVAL of specific sensory neurons and sympathetic neurons
38
Q

The two ways that Growth Cones find their way around.

A
  1. ECM Environment
    - Sensed by RECEPTORS present on membrane
  2. Chemotactic Factors
    - Released by Neighboring cells
    - Attractive or repulsive
39
Q

Growth Cone

A
  • Spiky enlargement on the tip of the Axon/Dendrite

- Crawls through surrounding tissue

40
Q

Phase 3 of Neural Development

A
  • Continues in ADULT life
  • Connections are adjusted and refined through interactions
  • Distant regions are connected via electric signal
41
Q

Contact Guidance

A

Growth cones follow a path taken by other cells

Molecular Biology Exam 3 (5 decks)

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