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Molecular Biology Exam 3 > Specialized Tissues, Stem Cells And Tissue Renewal I > Flashcards

Specialized Tissues, Stem Cells And Tissue Renewal I Flashcards

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1
Q

Asymmetric Division

A
  • Creates 2 cells
  • One with stem cell Characteristics
  • One with the ability to DIFFERENTIATE
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2
Q

TGF-Beta on Epidermis Renewal

A
  • Plays a key role on REPAIR of Skin wounds

- Promotes. The formation of COLLAGEN rich SCAR tissue

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3
Q

Regulation of Epidermal Stem Cells

A
  • CONTACT with Basal Lamina Controls number of Stem cells
  • Maintenance of contact preserves Stem Cell Potential
  • Loss of contact triggers terminal differentiation
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4
Q

Characteristics of the Prickle Cell Layer

A
  • Has DESMOSOMES

- Attaches to Keratin filaments

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5
Q

Characteristics of Founder stem cells

A
  • Proportion of the parts of a body are determined EARLY in development
  • Each organ/tissue has a FIXED number of Founder cells
  • Programmed to have fixed number of divisions
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6
Q

Layers of the Epidermis from Outermost to Innermost

A
  1. Basal Cell layer
  2. Prickle Cell
  3. Granular Cell
  4. Squame
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7
Q

Factors governing Renewal of Epidermis

A
  1. Rate of Stem cell Division
  2. % that one daughter will remain a Stem cell
  3. Rate of Division of Transit Amplifying Cells
  4. Timing of Exit from Basal Layer and the time the cell takes to differentiate and be sloughed away
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8
Q

Characteristics of Stem cells

A
  • Not terminally differentiated
  • Can divide w/o limit
  • Ability to renew themselves
  • Undergo Slow Division
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9
Q

Characteristics of Multipotent stem cells

A
  • Ability to give rise to different cell types of a given LINEAGE
  • Adult stem cells
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10
Q

Characteristics of the Basal Cell Layer

A
  • Attached to Basal Lamina
  • The Only DIVIDING cells in the Epidermis
  • Has STEM cells
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11
Q

Characteristics of the Squame Cell Layer

A
  • Flattened Dead cells
  • Densely packed with Keratin
  • NO ORGANELLES
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12
Q

A steady pool of Stem cells are maintained by what?

A
  • Asymmetric Division

- Independent Choice

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13
Q

Characteristics of Adult stem cells

A
  • Tissue Specific
  • Serves an internal REPAIR system in many tissues
  • Replace cells with rapid turnover
  • Needs specialized environment
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14
Q

Overactive Hedgehog Pathway in Epidermis Renewal

A
  • Makes cells continue to divide

- Even after exit from the Basal Layer

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15
Q

The Ectoderm lineage gives rise to what systems?

A
  • Skin

- Neurons (CNS)

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16
Q

Characteristics of Pluripotent cells

A
  • Ability to give rise to ALL cells of the Embryo
    (NOT Extra Embryonic)
  • Gives rise to adult tissues
  • Ex: Embryonic stem cells
17
Q

Characteristics of the Granular Cell Layer

A
  • Sealed together to form a WATERPROOF Barrier

- Forms boundary b/w INNER (active) strata and OUTER (dead) cells

18
Q

Fibroblast on skin composition

A
  • Secrete ECM

- Provide Mechanical support

19
Q

Architecture of the Skin

A
  1. Epidermis
    - Continuously repaired and renewed
  2. Dermis
    - Rich in collagen and provides toughness
  3. Hypodermis
    - FATTY subcutaneous layer
20
Q

Upregulation vs Loss of Wnt on Epidermis Renewal

A

Upregulation

  • Causes extra HAIR follicles to develop
  • Gives rise to tumors

Loss of Fxn
- Leads to failure of HAIR follicle development

21
Q

The Mesoderm lineage gives rise to what systems?

A
  • Muscles

- Blood

22
Q

Developmental Capacity of stem cells: Most to Least

A
  1. TOTI-Potent
  2. PLURI-Potent
  3. MULTI-Potent
23
Q

Characteristics of Transit Amplifying cells

A
  • Transit from a Stem cell to a Differentiated cell
  • Programmed to divide a LIMITED # of times
  • Part of growth control
24
Q

Deficit in Hedgehog in Epidermis Renewal

A

Leads to loss of SEBACEOUS gland

25
Q

Which is more flexible? Asymmetric Division or Ind. Choice?

A

Independent Choice

- Explains the SHARP increase in Stem Cell # when needed for REPAIR

26
Q

Examples of Adult stem cells

A
  1. Skin
  2. Intestinal
  3. Blood
  4. Neurons
27
Q

Renewal Process of Epidermis

A
  • Some Basal Cells divide and maintain that layer
  • Others move up to other layers
  • Change GENE EXPRESSION at each step of differentiation
  • Cells will eventually lose organelles
28
Q

Time of Birth of a Basal Cell Layer to Shedding from Surface?

A

1 month

29
Q

The Endoderm lineage gives rise to what systems?

A
  • Lung

- Pancreas

30
Q

The Epidermis is a ________ layer made of ________.

A
  1. Stratified

2. Keratinocytes

31
Q

Proliferative potential of stem cells are directly correlated with expression of what?

A
  • Beta 1 Subunit of INTEGRIN

- Helps mediate Adhesion to Basal Lamina

32
Q

Drawback of Asymmetric Division

A

Cannot explain how existing stem cells rapidly increase their numbers

33
Q

3 lineages of Pluripotent stem cells

A
  1. Endoderm
  2. Mesoderm
  3. Ectoderm
34
Q

What happens to a founder cell when an adult organ needs to be renewed?

A
  • Founder cells divides to make
    1. One daughter stem cell
    2. Differentiated cell

Differentiated cells have a SET number of transit amplifying divisions

35
Q

Independent Choice

A
  • Division makes 2 IDENTICAL cells
  • The outcome is Randomly Determined

Or

  • Influenced by environment
    (Does not have to be 50:50 for every division)
36
Q

Notch Signaling on Epidermis Renewal

A

Restricts the SIZE of Stem cell population

37
Q

Characteristics of Totipotent cells

A
  • Ability to give rise to ALL cells of an organism
    (Can produce a new being)
  • Embryonic and Extra embryonic
  • Ex: Zygote
38
Q

What are the two fates of stem cell division?

A
  1. Can remain a stem cell

Or

  1. Become a DIFFERENTIATED cell type

Molecular Biology Exam 3 (5 decks)

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