Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

flowering > Stem > Flashcards

Stem Flashcards

1
Q

general stem functions

A

support and conduction (principle functions)

  • also place leaves and flowers in favourable positions
  • nutrient/water storage
  • metabolism, including hormones and auxin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

stems consists of

A

nodes and internodes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

phytomere production

A

the apical meristem produces a succession of repeating units

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

phytomere consists of

A
  1. node with an attached leaf
  2. internode below
  3. axillary bud at the base of the internode
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

shoot

A

stem + leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

shoot tip

A
  • More complex organization than root
  • Leaf primordia arise at the tip and develop into leaves
    ie. exogenous origin
  • Bud primordia develop into axillary buds, ultimately become branches or lateral shoots
  • No structure analogous to the root cap
  • Leaf primordia overarch and enclose SAM for protection
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

SAM

A

-tunica corpus arrangement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

tunica

A

the outermost layer(s) of cells (1-4 layers) at the tip
-layers are L1, L2, L3, L4
-divides anticlinally
-causes and increase in surface area at the tip without an increase in number of layers
(pushes derivatives to the side

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

anticlinally

A

in a plane perpendicular to the plant surface

-the newly formed walls are oriented at 90 degrees to surface or organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

corpus

A
  • body of cells below the tunica
  • divide anitclinally and periclinally
  • outermost layer of the corpus tends to divide mostly periclinally
  • often counted as the 3rd layer of the tunica
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

periclinally

A

in a plane parallel to the surface

-the newly formed walls are oriented parallel to the surface of the organ

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

tunica and corpus have their own initials

A
  • tend to be found in the central zone -central mother cells
  • cell division are infrequent in the central zone, anallogous to - quiescent zone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

exogenous origin

A

leaf primordia arise at the tip and develop into leaves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

derivates

A

adjacent to the central zone in the peripheral meristem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

zone beneath the corpus is

A

the pith meristem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

seedless vascular plants have a single …

A

apical initial eg. horsetails and ferns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

most gymnosperms have a SAM with..

A

multiple initials but without a tunica-corpus arrangement

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

outer tunica produces the

A

protoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

procambium and part of ground meristem comes from

A

peripheral meristem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

rest of ground meristem comes from

A

pith meristem

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

peripheral meristem also produces

A

leaf and bud primordia

22
Q

bud development

A

a) terminal and axillary buds. each bud has its own SAM, leaf, bud primordia
b) bud emergence. scales dropped; growing tips start to elongate
c) Nodes separated after internodal elongation. leaves fully developed

23
Q

zonation

A

no zonation of shoot tip as in root tip

24
Q

cell elongation

A

New leaf primordia and buds are produced close
together
Later, internodal regions behind SAM elongate
Internodal elongation produces an increase in length of the shoot ie. primary growth
Can be occurring simultaneously in several internodal regions
Part of the increase due to cell elongation
Growth also due to presence of intercalary meristems

25
Q

stem elongation

A
  • starts in primary meristems
  • slows further back form the tip
  • intercalary meristems are regions of parenchyma found between differentiated cells - elongation can continue to occur in mature regions
  • parenchyma dedifferentiate and begin dividing
  • division amy be anticlinal or periclinal
  • mature primary tissues arise from same primary meristems as in roots
26
Q

leaf trace

A

represents mature vascular tissue

27
Q

leaf trace gap

A

is in a stem above the location where a bundle has entered a leaf

28
Q

procambium in stems

A

typically leads to vascular tissue, but can also produce some ground tissue

29
Q

Three main patterns of organization in stems

A
  1. vascular bundles throughout the ground tissue
  2. primary bundles are discrete and in a ring around the stem’s circumference
  3. vascular tissues in a continuous cylinder
30
Q

Vascular bundles throughout the ground tissue

A

ie. a complex arrangement
Pattern found in most monocots eg. Zea (corn)
Called an atactostele
-no distinction of ground tissue between cortex and pith

31
Q

Primary bundles are discrete and in a ring around the stem’s circumference

A

ie. delineates pith and cortex regions
Pattern found in most eudicots eg. Helianthus
(sunflower) and Ranunculus (buttercup)
Called a eustele
-vascular tissue in discrete bundles or fascicles
-interfascicular regions vary from wide to narrow

32
Q

Vascular tissues in a continuous cylinder

A

ie. central pith with cortex outside
Pattern found in some eudicots eg. Tilia (basswood), magnoliids, conifers
-called siphonostele
-sometimes a very narrow region of ground tissue between each bundle is present early on

33
Q

steles in roots

A

-monocot roots are a siphonostele- has a pith regions
-eudicot roots are protostele -solid core of vascular tissue
(also in stems of seedless, vascular plants)

34
Q

stomata

A

more stomata on leaves than on stem

35
Q

stem to leaf vascular connections

A

pattern reflects pattern of leaf arrangement

  • at nodes, one or more vascular bundles diverge and enter a leaf attached at that node
  • extensions called leaf traces
  • leave a gap in the ring of stem bundles just above called a leaf trace gap
36
Q

stem bundle and its associated leaf traces

A

sympodium

37
Q

steles

A

sympodia may be interconnected or independent

  • may also be branch traces entering an axillary bud
  • must also be continuity b/w root and shoot
38
Q

stem and leaf modifications

A
  • some stems are modified and have specialized functions
  • tendrils are modified for climbing
  • may be of stem (grape) or leaf (pea) origin
  • cladophylls (asparagus) and phyloodes (orchids) are fleshy, photosynthetic stems and leaves
  • fleshy leaves may also stor water (agave)
  • thorns are modified branches, originate in axils of leaves (hawthorn)
39
Q

reproductive structures

A
  • stolons
  • rhizomes
  • tubers
  • bulbs
  • corms
  • spines
  • prickles
  • colorful leaves
  • carnivorous leaves
  • fleshy petioles
40
Q

stolons

A

aboveground, horizontal stems (strawberry)

41
Q

rhizomes

A

below ground horizontal stems (ginger)

42
Q

tubers

A

stem tissue modified for storage (potato)

  • arise at the tips of stolons or rhizomes
  • eyes are buds
43
Q

bulbs

A

large buds with a small conical stem and many fleshy leaves (onion)
-food stored in leaves

44
Q

corms

A

are thickened, fleshy stems with a few small scaly leaves (water chestnut)
-food stored in stem tissue

45
Q

enlarged above ground stem or leaf

A

area can also store nutrients

46
Q

cactus

A

stems may also store water and be photosynthetic

47
Q

spines

A
  • usually hard, dry and non-photosynthetic
  • sometimes softer and very numerous
  • spines deter herbivory
  • reduce water loss
48
Q

prickles

A

on rose stems are epidermal or cortex outgrowths

-technically trichomes

49
Q

fleshy petioles

A

-store nutrients and photosynthesize (celery)

50
Q

colorful leaves

A

to attract pollinators

flowering (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions