organelles and unique features part 1

Question 1

plant cells

Answer 1

protoplast

cytoplasm

Question 2

protoplast

Answer 2

pm + cytoplasm + nucleus

Question 3

cytoplasm

Answer 3

cytosol and other organelles and structures

Question 4

cytosol

Answer 4

liquid portion of cytoplasm

Question 5

ctyosol

Answer 5

liquid portion of cytoplasm

Question 6

subcellular components

Answer 6

• nucleus
• plastids
• mitochondria
• microbodies
• ribosomes

Question 7

nucleus

Answer 7

• controls cellular activites
• double membrane
• nuclear pores continuous with the ER
• nucleoli

Question 8

plastids

Answer 8

-chloroplasts,
-chromoplasts,
-leucoplasts
-double membranes
plants can interconvert their plastids
stroma = liquid portion

Question 9

plastid developmental cycle (slide 14)

Answer 9

• origintel as proplastids
• formed by fission
• in dark = etioplasts
• in light = develop into chloroplasts
• chromoplasts from chloroplasts , but they may develop directly
• roots in dark = leucoplasts develop

Question 10

proplastids

Answer 10

small and undifferentiated

Question 11

etioplasts

Answer 11

contain prolamellar bodies

Question 12

seedlings

Answer 12

proplastids –> etioplasts–> chloroplasts

Question 13

mitochondria

Answer 13

• double membrane
• inner on folded into cristae
• increases surface area for rxns
• fluid = matrix
• many/cell
• small
• variable in shape
• site of cellular respiration
• require O2, release ATP

Question 14

microbodies

Answer 14

• single membrane
• spherical with a granular interior
• can have crystalline protein body
• can have enxymes to convert fats into sucrose -gloxysomes
• others are peroxisomes - photorespiration
• both contain catalase to detoxify H2O2
• both are interconvertible
• self replicating

Question 15

ribosomes

Answer 15

• no membrane
• small particles composed of protein and RNA
• parts made in nucleolus, assembled in cytoplasm
• site of protein synthesis
• free in cytoplasm or on ER or nuclear membrane
• groupd = polyribosomes
• free ribosome produce proteins for cytoplasm

Question 16

endomembrane system

Answer 16

endoplasmic reticulum

golgi complex

Question 17

RER

Answer 17

• w/ ribosome
• more flattened
• modifies proteins = produces glycoproteins

Question 18

SER

Answer 18

• no ribosomes
• tubular
• synthesizes lipids and metabolizes carbohydrates

Question 19

RER and SER

Answer 19

interconnected

Question 20

Golgi

Answer 20

• stacks of flattened sacs/cisternae
• single membrane
• packing centre
• synthesize polysaccharides eg. Pectins
• process and secrete glycoproteins from RER

Question 21

RER and golgi

Answer 21

vesicle from RER fuse with forming face, vesicles pinch off the maturing face, vescicles then travel to wherever contents are required, (formation of a cell plate

Question 22

central vacuole

Answer 22

-single membrane = tonoplast
-single, large vacuole
can subdivide
-fluid =cell sap

Question 23

cell sap

Answer 23

high proportion of water, other components are variable, components dependent on age, type, size and location of cell in plant,

• components may form cystals
• sugars, amino acids and organic acids also common
• some contain abundant anthocyanins
• may breakdown/recycle cellular components
• maintains turgor pressure in fully enlarged cells
• aids in cell enlargement and therefore growth when small vacuoles coalesce

Question 24

cytoskeleton

Answer 24

microtubules

microfilaments

Question 25

microtubules

Answer 25

• long, cylindrical structures composed of tubulin
• dynamic instabiliy by breaking down and reforming
• invovled with cell wall formation by guiding vesicles
• control orientation of cellulose microfibrils in cell walls
• make up spindle fibers and other critical roles during cell division

Question 26

microfilaments

Answer 26

• long, spirally arranged chains of actin
• smaller diameter than microtubules
• aid in cytoplasmic streaming and organelle movements
• involved in pollen tube growth
• also associated with microtubules in their functions