Steeplechase 4 Flashcards
What connects the ascending colon and descending colon in the dog?
Right duodenocolic ligament
What connects the ascending duodenum and descending colon?
Left duodenocolic ligament
What connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon?
Gastrocolic ligament
What connects the descending colon to the spleen?
Splenocolic ligament
What are the 3 main tributaries to the hepatic portal vein?
Common mesenteric vein
Gastroduodenal vein
Gastrosplenic vein
What forms the vertebral border of the epiploic foramen?
Hepatic portal vein
What forms the dorsal border of the epiploic foramen?
Vena cava
What forms the caudal border of the epiploic foramen?
Root of mesentery
What forms the cranial border of the epiploic foramen?
Liver
Why is the epiploic foramen of clinical significance?
Epiploic entrapment in horse -> colic surgery
What part of the ruminal stomach is most like a carnivore stomach?
Abomasum
What salivary gland supplies 50% of saliva in ruminants?
Parotid
What is the muscular structure of the oesophagus?
Cranial 2/3 striated, caudal 1/3 smooth (but all striated in dog and ox)
What is the pH of ox saliva?
8.2
What connects the larynx and oesophagus?
Crico-oesophageal tendon
What is unusual about the cat oesophagus?
Caudal 1/3 has distinct ridges of muscular bands
Where do you insert a stomach tube?
Via the mouth in most species
Via the nose in the horse
What is the largest gland in the body?
Liver
What are the visceral surface impressions of the dog liver?
Stomach
Duodenum
Right kidney
What are the visceral surface impressions of the pig liver?
Stomach
Duodenum
What are the visceral surface impressions of the ox liver?
Omasum
Reticulum
Right kidney
What are the visceral surface impressions of the horse liver?
Stomach
Apex of caecum
Diaphragmatic flexure
Right descending colon
Right kidney
What species don’t have a gall bladder?
Horse
Rat
Alpaca
Deer
Pigeon
Lamprey
Vicuna
Guanacos
Where are the anal glands of the dog located?
4 and 8 o’clock
Can the caecum be palpated in the cat?
Yes, in the mid-abdomen
What species has no caecum?
Ferret
Which species has the caecum located on the left?
Pig
What fills the ventral half of the horse abdomen?
Caecum and colon
What are the fermenting zones of the horse?
1) caecum + RVC + LVC
2) RDC
What flexure acts as a site of impaction in the horse?
Pelvic flexure
What is the only domestic animal with an appendix?
Rabbit
Do rabbits have a gallbladder?
Yes
What partitions food in the rabbit intestines?
Ampulla caecas coli
What is the role of fucus coli?
Forming the two faecal types via different strengths of contraction to form hard pellets or soft caecotrophs
How is sharp point formation reduced in horses at grass?
Jaw movements are relatively wide and long which wears the teeth more evenly
What are the largest salivary glands in the horse?
Parotid
What divides the horse stomach into 2 zones?
Margo plicatus
Does the horse have a gallbladder?
No
How is bile secreted in the horse?
Continuously, but increases after feeding
What side of the equine intestines is most mobile?
Left
What is the RDC of the horse adhered to?
Dorsal body wall
Base of caecum
Root of mesentery
How many taenia does the horse caecum have?
4
How many taenia does the horse RVC have?
4
How many taenia does the horse LVC have?
4
How many taenia does the horse LDC have?
2 (1 pelvic flexure, 1 rest of LDC)
How many taenia does the horse RDC have?
1
How many taenia does the horse TC have?
2
How many taenia does the horse DC have?
2
What attaches the ileum to the caecum?
Ileocaceal fold
What side of the ruminant stomach lays against the flank?
Left (parietal)
What contacts the left flank of the ox?
Spleen
Stomach
Omentum
Where do you put sutures through in the gut?
Submucosa
What is the significance of the thoracic inlet?
Site of impaction
Where does the oesophagus join the stomach?
Cardiac sphincter
What section of gut does the ventral vagus supply?
Only the foregut
What section of gut does the dorsal vagus supply?
Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut
What is found in the gut mesentery?
Arteries
Lymph Nodes
Vessels
What attaches the liver to the ventral body wall?
Falciform ligament
How does the stomach rotate during development?
90 degrees and then 120 degrees
What species has a diverticulum?
Pig
What is a diverticulum?
Blind ending sac in the pig stomach that aids in fermentation
What species has a saccus caecus?
Horse
What is the saccus caecus?
Blind ending sac in the horse stomach that aids in fermentation
What part of the ruminant stomach has rugae?
Abomasum
What divides the rectum and urogenital sinus?
Urorectal septum
What is the uteric bud formed from?
Mesonephros
What does the uteric bud form?
Ureter
What stimulates the development of the metanephros?
Ureter formation
What does the mesonephric duct form in males?
Vas deferens
What forms the vas deferens in males?
Mesonephric duct
What muscle contracts the bladder?
Detrusor muscle
What species has capsular veins on its kidneys?
Cat
What 5 things do rabbit stomachs generally contain?
Fibre
Food
Fur
Fluid
Faeces (cecotrophs)
How does the parasympathetic supply of the stomach enter the abdomen?
Via oesophageal hiatus (dorsal and ventral vagus nerve)
What are the symptoms of chronic acidosis?
Laminitis
How often should a rabbit’s stomach be empty?
Never
Which neurons form the cranial cervical ganglion?
C1 - 3
Describe the structure of the spleen.
Capsule and muscular trabeculae
Red pulp
White pulp
What is acute bovine pulmonary oedema and interstitial emphysema in cattle better known as?
Fog Fever
What is the sympathetic innervation to the hindgut?
Caudal mesenteric ganglia
What is the end part of the stomach called?
Pylorus
How can traumatic reticulitis lead to septic pericarditis?
Dense material falls into reticulum by gravity. Punctuates reticulum wall and diaphragm
What are the 6 sacs of lymphatics in the fetus?
x2 jugular sacs
x1 retro peritoneal
x1 cisterna chyli
x2 iliac sacs
Name 2 innervations of the genitofemoral nerve
Medial skin of the thigh
Motor of the cremaster muscle in males
What does the connective tissue of the liver originate from embryologically?
Mesoderm - from septum transversum of diaphragm
Which is the only lymphatic sac of the fetus to persist in adulthood?
Cisterna chyli
Why is the liver of the ruminant rotated clockwise and almost lies entirely on the right of the midline?
Due to the rumen
Is the spleen located on the left or right of the body?
Left
What derives the parietal peritoneum?
Somatic lateral plate mesoderm
Which part of the ascending colon of the ruminant carries out absorption?
Ansa spiralis
What is the parasympathetic innervation to the hindgut?
Pelvic plexus (sacral outflow)
What are the metal capsules containing nutrients given to cows called?
Boli
Where is the origin of the parasympathetic supply to hindgut viscera?
S1 - S2 (3)
In what animals are haemal nodes (mini spleens) particularly found in?
Sheep
Deer
In which domestic animal is the quadrate of the liver scalloped?
Horse
How is the oesophagus innervated?
Cranially - somatic fibres of vagus
Caudally - parasympathetic fibres of vagus
What is the venous drainage of all gut between cardia and distal rectum?
Hepatic portal vein
Which lobe of the pancreas is part of the foregut? midgut?
Foregut - right lobe (ventral)
Midgut - left lobe (dorsal)
What are the 3 branches of the coeliac artery?
Common hepatic artery
Left gastric artery
Left splenic artery
Which part of a ruminants stomach is the master controller of motility?
Reticulum
What component of saliva act as anti-foaming agents?
Mucins
What are the main 3 paired salivary glands?
Parotids
Submandibulars
Sublinguals
What tissue is the horse spleen particularly rich in? why?
Smooth muscle - for blood reserve (athletic horse)
Which part of the intestines do most parasites thrive?
Duodenum - more nutrients available
What lobe of the liver is between the left and right medial lobes?
Quadrate
What 3 things run through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm?
Aorta
Thoracic duct
Azygous vein
Which is the only domestic species which has kidneys that are level to each other?
Pig
What does the compound stomach develop from?
Gastric spindle
Which prevertebral (collateral) ganglion does the sympathetic supply to the foregut synapse at?
Coeliac ganglion
How many lobes does a rabbit liver have?
4
Is a rabbits caecum sacculated?
Yes
What controls the outlet of the ruminant stomach?
Reticulo-omasal orifice
Which mesentery of the stomach does the ‘epiploon’ belong?
Greater omentum
What is the rumen pH?
5.5-7
How does the cat stomach compare to the dog stomach?
Very similar
Narrower lumen
Less distensible
Extravagent vomiting behaviour
What is the sympathetic innervation to the midgut?
Cranial mesenteric ganglia
How does the horse liver differ to the canine liver?
No papillary process
Scalloped quadrate
No division of right
No gall bladder
Transit through small intestine is rapid and dependent on what?
Particle size
What is the oesophageal groove?
A muscular groove running from the oesophageal to the omasal orifice
What is the embryological origin of the gut tube?
Endoderm
Where can the spleen be found in most vertebrates?
Left of the stomach
What is the possible function of a rabbits appendix caeci?
Store of bacteria
What is the ileum?
The end of the small intestine
Name 3 examples of secondary attachments where organs are directly attached to the dorsal body wall with the mesentery shortened to nothing?
Rumen
Equine stomach
Equine caecum
What is the jejunum?
The long majority of the small intestine.
In what part of the lesser omentum does the bile duct run from the liver to duodenum?
Free margin
Which ligament attaches to the hilus of spleen?
Gastrosplenic ligament
The stomach reaches which rib cranially?
6
What derives the gut muscle, visceral peritoneum and myocardium?
Splanchic lateral plate mesoderm
What is the second part of the stomach known as?
Fundus
Propanolol blocks what type of receptors?
Beta
Which species stomach is half keratinised and half glandular?
Horse
What are the 2 main functions of saliva?
Lubricant
Buffering
What is the function of the omasum?
Absorbtion of water and VFAs
How many Peyer’s patches are in the entire canine small intestine?
22
Which is the only layer of the stomach that is along the lesser curvature?
Middle circular
What do pleura membranes derive from?
Lateral plate mesoderm
What is the sympathetic innervation of the kidney?
Aorticorenal ganglia
What species has terminal recesses in their kidneys?
Horse
Describe the arterial supply to within the kidney?
Interlobar aa. -> arcuate aa. -> interlobar aa. -> afferent arterioloes
What is the lateral attachment of the bladder?
Lateral vesical ligament = umbilical aa.
Which nerve triggers bladder sphincter smooth muscle contraction (alpha 1) and detrusor relaxation (beta 2)?
Hypogastric n. (L1-4) sympathetic
What ends up being looped over the ureter in males?
Vas deferens
Which part of the developing kidneys do the ureteric buds form on?
Metanephroi
Which has a more embryologically developed metanephron: unipyramidal or multipyramidal kidneys?
Unipyramidal
What type of tissue is the vermiform appendix of a rabbit rich in?
Lymphoid tissue
How many nephrons are in a dog?
1 million
What is the origin of the cortex of a kidney?
Intermediate mesoderm
Which artery was the fetal umbilical artery?
Cranial vesical artery
What are the 4 layers of the ureters?
External loose adventitia
Outer circular muscle (peristaltic)
Inner longitudinal muscle
Urothelium (‘transitional’ epithelium)
Can the stomach of a rabbit be palpated?
Yes
Which animals kidney is flattened/rectangular shape?
Pig
Which nerve is extremely important for sexual activity, birth, and urinary and faecal continence?
Pudendal
What is the renal sinus?
Pelvis + fat + vessels
What is the renal parenchyme?
Medulla + cortex
Which animals kidney has superficial capsular veins?
Cat
What is the parasympathetic innervation of the kidney?
Vagus -> renal plexus
What is initially the entry into the bladder from the kidney?
Mesonephric duct
What species have unipyramidal kidneys?
Dog
Cat
Horse
Sheep
Rabbit
What is a diverticulum of the pelvis of a kidney called?
Calyx
What contains the ureteric orifices?
Trigone
In which species is the left kidney often on the right?
Ruminants
What is the ventral attachment of the bladder?
Ventral/median vesical lig. = ventral mesentery of hindgut
What is the insertion of coccygeus?
Transverse processes Cd2-4
What is the origin of coccygeus?
Sciatic spine
What is the function of coccygeus?
Forms the lateral caudodorsal part of the pelvic diaphragm
What shape is the right horse kidney?
Heart shaped
What shape is the left horse kidney?
J shaped
Which is more cranial, the left or right kidney? (except pigs)
Right
Describe the ox/cow kidney
Multilobar
Multipyramidal
No pelvis
What do the collecting ducts of the kidney merge into?
Papillary duct
What forms the renal corpuscle?
Capillary glomerulus + bowmans capsule
When are plain radiographs of kidneys only good?
If the animal is fatty
Which animals kidney has an asymmetric shape?
( left -> J, right -> heart)
Horse
What 2 ligaments can be found in the region of the female reproductive tract?
Broad ligament
Suspensory ligament
What is the fusion of pyramids in a unipyramidal kidney called?
Renal crest
Where is the papillary process?
Caudate lobe of the liver
Do horses have a papillary process?
No
Do pigs have a papillary process?
No
Do dogs have a papillary process?
Yes
Do ruminants have a papillary process?
Yes
Does the right kidney reach the caudate process in the dog?
Yes
Does the right kidney reach the caudate process in the pig?
No
Does the right kidney reach the caudate process in the horse?
Yes
Does the right kidney reach the caudate process in ruminants?
Yes
Which animals kidney has external lobation?
Ox
What is the earliest phase of kidney development?
Pronephros
What is the tip of a pyramid in the kidney called?
Papilla/apex
What is the “true” hind kidney?
Metanephroi
What is the ileocaecal tonsil?
A common site of impaction in a rabbit characterised by the honeycomb appearance of its lymphoid tissue
Which kidney is mobile in the cat?
Left
Which species has glands in the pelvis of the kidney that secrete mucus?
Horse
What is the name of the strap that connects the left kidney to the spleen of a horse?
Nephrosplenic ligament
Describe the ligamentar part of the pelvic diaphragm in the ungulate?
Sacrosciatic ligament - broad sheet (with small gaps for the sciatic nerve trunk and internal obturator muscle)
Describe the ligamentar part of the pelvic diaphragm in a dog?
Sacrosciatic ligament - simple cord
What is the origin of the medulla of a kidney?
Neural crest
What is the name of the fat that surrounds the kidney?
Perirenal
What are the 3 hypaxial muscles of the dorsal body wall?
Psoas minor (most medial)
Psoas major
Quadratus lumborum (most lateral)
What is the middle kidney in development?
Mesonephros
Which kidney sits in the concavity on the caudate process of the caudate lobe of the heart?
Right
Does sympathetic or parasympathetic cause contraction of the bladder?
Parasympathetic
Does the spermatic cord pass through the inguinal canal?
Yes
What species has a torus pyloricus in their stomachs?
Rabbit
Which of the lobes of a rabbits liver is prone to torsion?
Caudate
What is a pyramid in a kidney?
A cone of medullary tissue
Name the 6 pouches/fossae in the reflections of the peritoneum in the female pelvis.
Left pararectal fossa
Right pararectal fossa
Rectogenital pouch
Vesicogenital pouch
Left pubovesical pouch
Right pubovesical pouch
What is the function of levator ani?
Forms the medial caudodorsal part of the pelvic diaphragm
What is the origin of levator ani?
Internal aspect of symphysis and ilium shaft
What is the insertion of levator ani?
Blends with external and sphincter before inserting on Cd7 haemal arch
Describe patent urachus.
Urine drips out over the stump of umbilical cord
Mainly in foals
Describe ectopic ureters.
Congenital defect in which the ureters empty urine into another location
Is the rabbit ascending colon sacculated?
Yes
What forms at the end of a ureteric bud to induce a tubule?
Ampulla
Why does rabbit urine often change colour?
Diet
What branches form the collecting ducts?
Ureteric buds
