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VAP > Steeplechase 4 > Flashcards

Steeplechase 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What connects the ascending colon and descending colon in the dog?

A

Right duodenocolic ligament

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2
Q

What connects the ascending duodenum and descending colon?

A

Left duodenocolic ligament

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3
Q

What connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon?

A

Gastrocolic ligament

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4
Q

What connects the descending colon to the spleen?

A

Splenocolic ligament

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5
Q

What are the 3 main tributaries to the hepatic portal vein?

A

Common mesenteric vein
Gastroduodenal vein
Gastrosplenic vein

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6
Q

What forms the vertebral border of the epiploic foramen?

A

Hepatic portal vein

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7
Q

What forms the dorsal border of the epiploic foramen?

A

Vena cava

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8
Q

What forms the caudal border of the epiploic foramen?

A

Root of mesentery

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9
Q

What forms the cranial border of the epiploic foramen?

A

Liver

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10
Q

Why is the epiploic foramen of clinical significance?

A

Epiploic entrapment in horse -> colic surgery

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11
Q

What part of the ruminal stomach is most like a carnivore stomach?

A

Abomasum

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12
Q

What salivary gland supplies 50% of saliva in ruminants?

A

Parotid

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13
Q

What is the muscular structure of the oesophagus?

A

Cranial 2/3 striated, caudal 1/3 smooth (but all striated in dog and ox)

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14
Q

What is the pH of ox saliva?

A

8.2

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15
Q

What connects the larynx and oesophagus?

A

Crico-oesophageal tendon

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16
Q

What is unusual about the cat oesophagus?

A

Caudal 1/3 has distinct ridges of muscular bands

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17
Q

Where do you insert a stomach tube?

A

Via the mouth in most species
Via the nose in the horse

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18
Q

What is the largest gland in the body?

A

Liver

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19
Q

What are the visceral surface impressions of the dog liver?

A

Stomach
Duodenum
Right kidney

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20
Q

What are the visceral surface impressions of the pig liver?

A

Stomach
Duodenum

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21
Q

What are the visceral surface impressions of the ox liver?

A

Omasum
Reticulum
Right kidney

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22
Q

What are the visceral surface impressions of the horse liver?

A

Stomach
Apex of caecum
Diaphragmatic flexure
Right descending colon
Right kidney

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23
Q

What species don’t have a gall bladder?

A

Horse
Rat
Alpaca
Deer
Pigeon
Lamprey
Vicuna
Guanacos

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24
Q

Where are the anal glands of the dog located?

A

4 and 8 o’clock

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25
Q

Can the caecum be palpated in the cat?

A

Yes, in the mid-abdomen

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26
Q

What species has no caecum?

A

Ferret

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27
Q

Which species has the caecum located on the left?

A

Pig

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28
Q

What fills the ventral half of the horse abdomen?

A

Caecum and colon

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29
Q

What are the fermenting zones of the horse?

A

1) caecum + RVC + LVC
2) RDC

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30
Q

What flexure acts as a site of impaction in the horse?

A

Pelvic flexure

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31
Q

What is the only domestic animal with an appendix?

A

Rabbit

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32
Q

Do rabbits have a gallbladder?

A

Yes

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33
Q

What partitions food in the rabbit intestines?

A

Ampulla caecas coli

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34
Q

What is the role of fucus coli?

A

Forming the two faecal types via different strengths of contraction to form hard pellets or soft caecotrophs

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35
Q

How is sharp point formation reduced in horses at grass?

A

Jaw movements are relatively wide and long which wears the teeth more evenly

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36
Q

What are the largest salivary glands in the horse?

A

Parotid

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37
Q

What divides the horse stomach into 2 zones?

A

Margo plicatus

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38
Q

Does the horse have a gallbladder?

A

No

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39
Q

How is bile secreted in the horse?

A

Continuously, but increases after feeding

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40
Q

What side of the equine intestines is most mobile?

A

Left

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41
Q

What is the RDC of the horse adhered to?

A

Dorsal body wall
Base of caecum
Root of mesentery

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42
Q

How many taenia does the horse caecum have?

A

4

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43
Q

How many taenia does the horse RVC have?

A

4

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44
Q

How many taenia does the horse LVC have?

A

4

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45
Q

How many taenia does the horse LDC have?

A

2 (1 pelvic flexure, 1 rest of LDC)

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46
Q

How many taenia does the horse RDC have?

A

1

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47
Q

How many taenia does the horse TC have?

A

2

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48
Q

How many taenia does the horse DC have?

A

2

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49
Q

What attaches the ileum to the caecum?

A

Ileocaceal fold

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50
Q

What side of the ruminant stomach lays against the flank?

A

Left (parietal)

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51
Q

What contacts the left flank of the ox?

A

Spleen
Stomach
Omentum

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52
Q

Where do you put sutures through in the gut?

A

Submucosa

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53
Q

What is the significance of the thoracic inlet?

A

Site of impaction

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54
Q

Where does the oesophagus join the stomach?

A

Cardiac sphincter

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55
Q

What section of gut does the ventral vagus supply?

A

Only the foregut

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56
Q

What section of gut does the dorsal vagus supply?

A

Foregut
Midgut
Hindgut

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57
Q

What is found in the gut mesentery?

A

Arteries
Lymph Nodes
Vessels

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58
Q

What attaches the liver to the ventral body wall?

A

Falciform ligament

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59
Q

How does the stomach rotate during development?

A

90 degrees and then 120 degrees

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60
Q

What species has a diverticulum?

A

Pig

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61
Q

What is a diverticulum?

A

Blind ending sac in the pig stomach that aids in fermentation

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62
Q

What species has a saccus caecus?

A

Horse

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63
Q

What is the saccus caecus?

A

Blind ending sac in the horse stomach that aids in fermentation

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64
Q

What part of the ruminant stomach has rugae?

A

Abomasum

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65
Q

What divides the rectum and urogenital sinus?

A

Urorectal septum

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66
Q

What is the uteric bud formed from?

A

Mesonephros

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67
Q

What does the uteric bud form?

A

Ureter

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68
Q

What stimulates the development of the metanephros?

A

Ureter formation

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69
Q

What does the mesonephric duct form in males?

A

Vas deferens

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70
Q

What forms the vas deferens in males?

A

Mesonephric duct

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71
Q

What muscle contracts the bladder?

A

Detrusor muscle

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72
Q

What species has capsular veins on its kidneys?

A

Cat

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73
Q

What 5 things do rabbit stomachs generally contain?

A

Fibre
Food
Fur
Fluid
Faeces (cecotrophs)

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74
Q

How does the parasympathetic supply of the stomach enter the abdomen?

A

Via oesophageal hiatus (dorsal and ventral vagus nerve)

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75
Q

What are the symptoms of chronic acidosis?

A

Laminitis

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76
Q

How often should a rabbit’s stomach be empty?

A

Never

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77
Q

Which neurons form the cranial cervical ganglion?

A

C1 - 3

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78
Q

Describe the structure of the spleen.

A

Capsule and muscular trabeculae
Red pulp
White pulp

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79
Q

What is acute bovine pulmonary oedema and interstitial emphysema in cattle better known as?

A

Fog Fever

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80
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation to the hindgut?

A

Caudal mesenteric ganglia

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81
Q

What is the end part of the stomach called?

A

Pylorus

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82
Q

How can traumatic reticulitis lead to septic pericarditis?

A

Dense material falls into reticulum by gravity. Punctuates reticulum wall and diaphragm

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83
Q

What are the 6 sacs of lymphatics in the fetus?

A

x2 jugular sacs
x1 retro peritoneal
x1 cisterna chyli
x2 iliac sacs

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84
Q

Name 2 innervations of the genitofemoral nerve

A

Medial skin of the thigh
Motor of the cremaster muscle in males

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85
Q

What does the connective tissue of the liver originate from embryologically?

A

Mesoderm - from septum transversum of diaphragm

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86
Q

Which is the only lymphatic sac of the fetus to persist in adulthood?

A

Cisterna chyli

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87
Q

Why is the liver of the ruminant rotated clockwise and almost lies entirely on the right of the midline?

A

Due to the rumen

88
Q

Is the spleen located on the left or right of the body?

A

Left

89
Q

What derives the parietal peritoneum?

A

Somatic lateral plate mesoderm

90
Q

Which part of the ascending colon of the ruminant carries out absorption?

A

Ansa spiralis

91
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation to the hindgut?

A

Pelvic plexus (sacral outflow)

92
Q

What are the metal capsules containing nutrients given to cows called?

A

Boli

93
Q

Where is the origin of the parasympathetic supply to hindgut viscera?

A

S1 - S2 (3)

94
Q

In what animals are haemal nodes (mini spleens) particularly found in?

A

Sheep
Deer

95
Q

In which domestic animal is the quadrate of the liver scalloped?

A

Horse

96
Q

How is the oesophagus innervated?

A

Cranially - somatic fibres of vagus
Caudally - parasympathetic fibres of vagus

97
Q

What is the venous drainage of all gut between cardia and distal rectum?

A

Hepatic portal vein

98
Q

Which lobe of the pancreas is part of the foregut? midgut?

A

Foregut - right lobe (ventral)
Midgut - left lobe (dorsal)

99
Q

What are the 3 branches of the coeliac artery?

A

Common hepatic artery
Left gastric artery
Left splenic artery

100
Q

Which part of a ruminants stomach is the master controller of motility?

A

Reticulum

101
Q

What component of saliva act as anti-foaming agents?

A

Mucins

102
Q

What are the main 3 paired salivary glands?

A

Parotids
Submandibulars
Sublinguals

103
Q

What tissue is the horse spleen particularly rich in? why?

A

Smooth muscle - for blood reserve (athletic horse)

104
Q

Which part of the intestines do most parasites thrive?

A

Duodenum - more nutrients available

105
Q

What lobe of the liver is between the left and right medial lobes?

A

Quadrate

106
Q

What 3 things run through the aortic hiatus of the diaphragm?

A

Aorta
Thoracic duct
Azygous vein

107
Q

Which is the only domestic species which has kidneys that are level to each other?

A

Pig

108
Q

What does the compound stomach develop from?

A

Gastric spindle

109
Q

Which prevertebral (collateral) ganglion does the sympathetic supply to the foregut synapse at?

A

Coeliac ganglion

110
Q

How many lobes does a rabbit liver have?

A

4

111
Q

Is a rabbits caecum sacculated?

A

Yes

112
Q

What controls the outlet of the ruminant stomach?

A

Reticulo-omasal orifice

113
Q

Which mesentery of the stomach does the ‘epiploon’ belong?

A

Greater omentum

114
Q

What is the rumen pH?

A

5.5-7

115
Q

How does the cat stomach compare to the dog stomach?

A

Very similar
Narrower lumen
Less distensible
Extravagent vomiting behaviour

116
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation to the midgut?

A

Cranial mesenteric ganglia

117
Q

How does the horse liver differ to the canine liver?

A

No papillary process
Scalloped quadrate
No division of right
No gall bladder

118
Q

Transit through small intestine is rapid and dependent on what?

A

Particle size

119
Q

What is the oesophageal groove?

A

A muscular groove running from the oesophageal to the omasal orifice

120
Q

What is the embryological origin of the gut tube?

A

Endoderm

121
Q

Where can the spleen be found in most vertebrates?

A

Left of the stomach

122
Q

What is the possible function of a rabbits appendix caeci?

A

Store of bacteria

123
Q

What is the ileum?

A

The end of the small intestine

124
Q

Name 3 examples of secondary attachments where organs are directly attached to the dorsal body wall with the mesentery shortened to nothing?

A

Rumen
Equine stomach
Equine caecum

125
Q

What is the jejunum?

A

The long majority of the small intestine.

126
Q

In what part of the lesser omentum does the bile duct run from the liver to duodenum?

A

Free margin

127
Q

Which ligament attaches to the hilus of spleen?

A

Gastrosplenic ligament

128
Q

The stomach reaches which rib cranially?

A

6

129
Q

What derives the gut muscle, visceral peritoneum and myocardium?

A

Splanchic lateral plate mesoderm

130
Q

What is the second part of the stomach known as?

A

Fundus

131
Q

Propanolol blocks what type of receptors?

A

Beta

132
Q

Which species stomach is half keratinised and half glandular?

A

Horse

133
Q

What are the 2 main functions of saliva?

A

Lubricant
Buffering

134
Q

What is the function of the omasum?

A

Absorbtion of water and VFAs

135
Q

How many Peyer’s patches are in the entire canine small intestine?

A

22

136
Q

Which is the only layer of the stomach that is along the lesser curvature?

A

Middle circular

137
Q

What do pleura membranes derive from?

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

138
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the kidney?

A

Aorticorenal ganglia

139
Q

What species has terminal recesses in their kidneys?

A

Horse

140
Q

Describe the arterial supply to within the kidney?

A

Interlobar aa. -> arcuate aa. -> interlobar aa. -> afferent arterioloes

141
Q

What is the lateral attachment of the bladder?

A

Lateral vesical ligament = umbilical aa.

142
Q

Which nerve triggers bladder sphincter smooth muscle contraction (alpha 1) and detrusor relaxation (beta 2)?

A

Hypogastric n. (L1-4) sympathetic

143
Q

What ends up being looped over the ureter in males?

A

Vas deferens

144
Q

Which part of the developing kidneys do the ureteric buds form on?

A

Metanephroi

145
Q

Which has a more embryologically developed metanephron: unipyramidal or multipyramidal kidneys?

A

Unipyramidal

146
Q

What type of tissue is the vermiform appendix of a rabbit rich in?

A

Lymphoid tissue

147
Q

How many nephrons are in a dog?

A

1 million

148
Q

What is the origin of the cortex of a kidney?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

149
Q

Which artery was the fetal umbilical artery?

A

Cranial vesical artery

150
Q

What are the 4 layers of the ureters?

A

External loose adventitia
Outer circular muscle (peristaltic)
Inner longitudinal muscle
Urothelium (‘transitional’ epithelium)

151
Q

Can the stomach of a rabbit be palpated?

A

Yes

152
Q

Which animals kidney is flattened/rectangular shape?

A

Pig

153
Q

Which nerve is extremely important for sexual activity, birth, and urinary and faecal continence?

A

Pudendal

154
Q

What is the renal sinus?

A

Pelvis + fat + vessels

155
Q

What is the renal parenchyme?

A

Medulla + cortex

156
Q

Which animals kidney has superficial capsular veins?

A

Cat

157
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the kidney?

A

Vagus -> renal plexus

158
Q

What is initially the entry into the bladder from the kidney?

A

Mesonephric duct

159
Q

What species have unipyramidal kidneys?

A

Dog
Cat
Horse
Sheep
Rabbit

160
Q

What is a diverticulum of the pelvis of a kidney called?

A

Calyx

161
Q

What contains the ureteric orifices?

A

Trigone

162
Q

In which species is the left kidney often on the right?

A

Ruminants

163
Q

What is the ventral attachment of the bladder?

A

Ventral/median vesical lig. = ventral mesentery of hindgut

164
Q

What is the insertion of coccygeus?

A

Transverse processes Cd2-4

165
Q

What is the origin of coccygeus?

A

Sciatic spine

166
Q

What is the function of coccygeus?

A

Forms the lateral caudodorsal part of the pelvic diaphragm

167
Q

What shape is the right horse kidney?

A

Heart shaped

168
Q

What shape is the left horse kidney?

A

J shaped

169
Q

Which is more cranial, the left or right kidney? (except pigs)

A

Right

170
Q

Describe the ox/cow kidney

A

Multilobar
Multipyramidal
No pelvis

171
Q

What do the collecting ducts of the kidney merge into?

A

Papillary duct

172
Q

What forms the renal corpuscle?

A

Capillary glomerulus + bowmans capsule

173
Q

When are plain radiographs of kidneys only good?

A

If the animal is fatty

174
Q

Which animals kidney has an asymmetric shape?

( left -> J, right -> heart)

A

Horse

175
Q

What 2 ligaments can be found in the region of the female reproductive tract?

A

Broad ligament
Suspensory ligament

176
Q

What is the fusion of pyramids in a unipyramidal kidney called?

A

Renal crest

177
Q

Where is the papillary process?

A

Caudate lobe of the liver

178
Q

Do horses have a papillary process?

A

No

179
Q

Do pigs have a papillary process?

A

No

180
Q

Do dogs have a papillary process?

A

Yes

181
Q

Do ruminants have a papillary process?

A

Yes

182
Q

Does the right kidney reach the caudate process in the dog?

A

Yes

183
Q

Does the right kidney reach the caudate process in the pig?

A

No

184
Q

Does the right kidney reach the caudate process in the horse?

A

Yes

185
Q

Does the right kidney reach the caudate process in ruminants?

A

Yes

186
Q

Which animals kidney has external lobation?

A

Ox

187
Q

What is the earliest phase of kidney development?

A

Pronephros

188
Q

What is the tip of a pyramid in the kidney called?

A

Papilla/apex

189
Q

What is the “true” hind kidney?

A

Metanephroi

190
Q

What is the ileocaecal tonsil?

A

A common site of impaction in a rabbit characterised by the honeycomb appearance of its lymphoid tissue

191
Q

Which kidney is mobile in the cat?

A

Left

192
Q

Which species has glands in the pelvis of the kidney that secrete mucus?

A

Horse

193
Q

What is the name of the strap that connects the left kidney to the spleen of a horse?

A

Nephrosplenic ligament

194
Q

Describe the ligamentar part of the pelvic diaphragm in the ungulate?

A

Sacrosciatic ligament - broad sheet (with small gaps for the sciatic nerve trunk and internal obturator muscle)

195
Q

Describe the ligamentar part of the pelvic diaphragm in a dog?

A

Sacrosciatic ligament - simple cord

196
Q

What is the origin of the medulla of a kidney?

A

Neural crest

197
Q

What is the name of the fat that surrounds the kidney?

A

Perirenal

198
Q

What are the 3 hypaxial muscles of the dorsal body wall?

A

Psoas minor (most medial)
Psoas major
Quadratus lumborum (most lateral)

199
Q

What is the middle kidney in development?

A

Mesonephros

200
Q

Which kidney sits in the concavity on the caudate process of the caudate lobe of the heart?

A

Right

201
Q

Does sympathetic or parasympathetic cause contraction of the bladder?

A

Parasympathetic

202
Q

Does the spermatic cord pass through the inguinal canal?

A

Yes

203
Q

What species has a torus pyloricus in their stomachs?

A

Rabbit

204
Q

Which of the lobes of a rabbits liver is prone to torsion?

A

Caudate

205
Q

What is a pyramid in a kidney?

A

A cone of medullary tissue

206
Q

Name the 6 pouches/fossae in the reflections of the peritoneum in the female pelvis.

A

Left pararectal fossa
Right pararectal fossa
Rectogenital pouch
Vesicogenital pouch
Left pubovesical pouch
Right pubovesical pouch

207
Q

What is the function of levator ani?

A

Forms the medial caudodorsal part of the pelvic diaphragm

208
Q

What is the origin of levator ani?

A

Internal aspect of symphysis and ilium shaft

209
Q

What is the insertion of levator ani?

A

Blends with external and sphincter before inserting on Cd7 haemal arch

210
Q

Describe patent urachus.

A

Urine drips out over the stump of umbilical cord
Mainly in foals

211
Q

Describe ectopic ureters.

A

Congenital defect in which the ureters empty urine into another location

212
Q

Is the rabbit ascending colon sacculated?

A

Yes

213
Q

What forms at the end of a ureteric bud to induce a tubule?

A

Ampulla

214
Q

Why does rabbit urine often change colour?

A

Diet

215
Q

What branches form the collecting ducts?

A

Ureteric buds

VAP (4 decks)

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