Short answer Flashcards
What is the embryonic precursor of the right ventricle?
Bulbis cordis
What is the embryonic precursor of the left ventricle?
Primitive ventricle
What is the embryonic precursor of the right auricle?
Primitive atrium
What is the embryonic precursor of the right atrium?
Sinus venosus
What is the embryonic precursor of the pulmonary artery?
Truncus arteriosus
What is the embryonic precursor of the central nervous system?
Ectoderm
What is the embryonic precursor of the peripheral nervous system?
Ectoderm
What is the embryonic precursor of lung epithelium?
Endoderm
What is the embryonic precursor of peritoneal membrane?
Lateral plate mesoderm
What is the embryonic precursor of a Schwann cell?
Neural crest
What is the embryonic precursor of limb muscles?
Paraxial mesoderm
What is the embryonic precursor of the epidermis?
Ectoderm
What is the embryonic precursor of the colon epithelium?
Endoderm
What is the embryonic precursor of the epithelial lining of sebaceous glands?
Ectoderm
What is the embryonic precursor of the ureters?
Intermediate mesoderm
What is the embryonic precursor of skin melanocytes?
Neural crest
What is the embryonic precursor of the nucleus pulposus?
Notochord
What is the embryonic precursor of the arrector pili muscle?
Ectoderm
What is the embryonic precursor of the trigone of the bladder?
Intermediate mesoderm
What is the embryonic precursor of the tibia?
Lateral plate mesoderm
What is the embryonic precursor of the coronary sinus?
Sinus venosus
What does sclerotome form?
Bone
What does myotome form?
Muscle
What does dermatome form?
Dermis
What sort of joint is the hip joint?
Enarthrosis (ball and socket)
What sort of joint is the skull suture joint?
Synostosis
What sort of joint is a growth plate?
Synchondrosis
What sort of joint is a mandibular joint?
Symphysis
What sort of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint?
Syndesmosis
What bone redirects the pull of flexor carpi ulnaris?
Accessory carpal
What bovine metacarpal is vestigal?
MC V
What bone redirects the pull of interosseus?
Proximal sesamoids
What nerve innervates interosseus?
Ulnar
What nerve innervates brachialis?
Musculocutaneous
What nerve innervates flexor carpi radialis?
Median
What nerve innervates acromiodeltoideus?
Axillary
What nerve innervates ulnaris lateralis?
Radial
What nerve innervates gastrocnemius?
Tibial
What nerve innervates gracilis?
Obturator
What nerve innervates long digital extensor?
Fibular (peroneal)
What nerve innervates rectus femoris?
Femoral
What nerve innervates semitendinosus?
Sciatic trunk, proximal to bifurcation
What nerve innervates cremaster?
Genitofemoral
What nerve innervates biceps brachii?
Musculocutaneous
What nerve innervates teres major?
Axillary
What nerve innervates triceps?
Radial
What is the autonomic innervation to the caudal thoracic oesophagus?
Dorsal + ventral vagi
What is the autonomic innervation to the cranial thoracic oesophagus?
Left + right vagi
What is the autonomic innervation to the descending colon?
Pelvic plexus
What is the autonomic innervation to the greater curvature of the stomach?
Dorsal vagus
What is the autonomic innervation to the lesser curvature of the stomach?
Ventral vagus
What is the autonomic innervation to the liver?
Ventral vagus
What nerve innervates latissimus dorsi?
Thoracodorsal
What nerve innervates spinodeltoideus?
Axillary
What nerve innervates shoulder flexors?
Axillary
What nerve innervates supraspinatus?
Suprascapular
What nerve innervates infraspinatus?
Suprascapular
What nerve innervates subscapularis?
Subscapular
What nerve innervates elbow extensors?
Radial
What nerve innervates elbow flexors?
Musculocutaneous
What nerve innervates extensor carpi radialis?
Radial
What nerve innervates superficial gluteal?
Caudal gluteal
What nerve innervates coracobrachialis?
Musculocutaneous
What nerve innervates teres minor?
Axillary
What nerve innervates carpus extensors?
Radial
What nerve innervates forelimb digit extensors?
Radial
What nerve innervates flexor carpi ulnaris?
Ulnar
What nerve innervates deep digital flexor ulnar head?
Ulnar
What nerve innervates manus muscles?
Ulnar
What nerve innervates most carpal flexors?
Median
What nerve innervates most digit flexors?
Median
What artery supplies the forelimb flexors?
Ulnar
What artery supplies the forelimb extensors?
Cranial interosseus
What artery supplies the manus?
Caudal interosseus
What nerve innervates middle gluteal?
Cranial gluteal
What nerve innervates deep gluteal?
Cranial gluteal
What nerve innervates gemelli?
Obturator
What nerve innervates the hamstrings?
Tibial sciatic
What nerve innervates hip flexors?
Femoral
What nerve innervates stifle extensors?
Femoral
What nerve innervates hip adductors?
Obturator
What nerve innervates pectineus?
Obturator
What nerve innervates adductor?
Obturator
What nerve innervates hindlimb digit flexors?
Tibial
What nerve innervates the hock extensor?
Tibial
What nerve innervates interosseus in the hindlimb?
Tibial
What nerve innervates hindlimb digit extensors?
Fibular (peroneal)
What nerve innervates hock flexors?
Fibular (peroneal)
What is the embryonic precursor of the coronary sinus?
Sinus venosus
What is the embryonic precursor of adrenal medulla?
Neural crest
What is the embryonic precursor of the gall bladder epithelium?
Endoderm
What is the embryonic precursor of eccrine glands?
Ectoderm
What sort of joint is the atlanto-axial joint?
Pivot/trochoid
What sort of joint is the inter-carpal joint?
Planar
What sort of joint is the proximal interpharangeal joint?
Sellar/saddle
What sort of joint is the talocrural joint?
Hinge (diarthrosis)
What is ginglymus?
Hinge joint
What vertebrae are fused to other vertebrae?
Sacral
What vertebra has a large ventral laminae?
C6
What vertebrae have long spinous processes?
Thoracic
What vertebra has no centrum or spinous process?
C1
What is C1?
Atlas
What is C2?
Axis
What are the heart strings?
Chorda tendinea
What is the lung lobation of carnivores?
Left 3
Right 4
What is the lung lobation of pigs?
Left 3
Right 4
What is the lung lobation of an ox?
Left 3
Right 5
What is the lung lobation of sheep?
Left 3
Right 5
What is the lung lobation of horses?
Left 2
Right 3
Do carnivores have lobulated lungs?
No
Do pigs have lobulated lungs?
Yes
Do cows have lobulated lungs?
Yes
Do sheep have lobulated lungs?
No
Do horses have lobulated lungs?
No
Do carnivores have a tracheal bronchus?
No
Do pigs have a tracheal bronchus?
Yes
Do cows have a tracheal bronchus?
Yes
Do sheep have a tracheal bronchus?
Yes
Do horses have a tracheal bronchus?
No
What species have a tracheal bronchus?
Pig
Ox
Sheep
What species have lobulated lungs?
Pig
Ox
What recess does the basal border of the lung move into?
Costodiaphragmatic recess
What recess does the ventral border of the lung move into?
Costomediastinal recess
What are the visceral surface impressions of the canine liver?
Stomach
Duodenum
Right kidney
What are the visceral surface impressions of the pig liver?
Stomach
Duodenum
What are the visceral surface impressions of the ox liver?
Omasum
Reticulum
Right kidney
What are the visceral surface impressions of the equine liver?
Stomach
Apex of caecum
Diaphragmatic flexure
Right dorsal colon
Right kidney
Which species has a scalloped quadrate lobe?
Horse
Which species has a lobulated liver?
Pig
Which species doesn’t have a divided left liver lobe?
Ruminant
Which species doesn’t have a gall bladder?
Horse
Which species have a divided right liver lobe?
Pig
Dog
Which species don’t have a divided right liver lobe?
Horse
Ruminant
What part of the liver cups the right kidney (except in the pig)?
Caudate process
Which species’ livers have a papillary process?
Dog
Ruminant
Which species has capsular veins in their kidneys?
Cat
Which species have lobulated kidneys?
Ox
What is the order the kidneys develop in?
Pronephros
Mesonephros
Metanephros
What is the embryological origin of kidney cortex?
Intermediate mesoderm
What is the embryological origin of kidney medulla?
Neural crest
What is the embryological origin of the thymus?
Endoderm
What is the embryological origin of the parathyroid?
Endoderm
What is the embryological origin of blood?
Lateral plate mesoderm
What organises the rostral/caudal body axis during gastrualation?
Primitive node
Where does the notochord form?
Along the axis of the primitive groove
How many vertebrae does each somite contribute to?
2
What prevents PiPj overextension in the equine forelimb as part of the stay apparatus?
Palmar ligament
Radial check ligament to superficial digital flexor tendon
What prevents MCPj overextension in the equine forelimb as part of the stay apparatus?
Suspensory ligament
What prevents DiPj overextension in the equine forelimb as part of the stay apparatus?
Carpal check ligament to deep digital flexor tendon
What is lacertus fibrosus?
Part of the equine stay apparatus- internal tendon running through biceps and extensor carpi radialis from scapula to cannon bone that prevents shoulder flexion when the elbow and carpus are locked
What is involved in the equine stay apparatus in the forelimb?
Trunk slung from relatively fibrous serratus ventralis
Lacertus fibrosus
Biceps tendon of origin sticks in bicipital groove
Carpal bones lock in straight line
Elbow snap joints aided by fibrous old pronators
Palmar ligament
Radial check ligament
Carpal check ligament
Suspensory ligament
What is peroneus tertius?
Fibrous band from femur to tarsus in the horse that forms the reciprocal apparatus
What is involved in the equine stay apparatus in the hindlimb?
Stifle locking
Acc
What is involved in the equine stay apparatus in the hindlimb?
Stifle locking
Accessory ligament (pelvis to femur)
Hock snap joint
Fibrous band in superficial digital flexor (femur-tuber calcis)
Tarsal check ligament (variable)
What is the effect of the reciprocal apparatus?
Hock and stifle flex and extend in sync
What is the equine stifle locking mechanism?
Medial patellar ligament hooks over medial trochlear ridge of femur
What forms the reciprocal apparatus?
Peroneus tertius
Superficial digital flexor
What are the ligaments of the fetlock?
Medial + lateral collateral
Suspensory + extensor slips
Medial + lateral sesamoidean
Intersesamoidean
Straight
Oblique
Cruciate
Short
What are the ligaments of the equine stifle?
Medial patellar
Middle patellar
Lateral patellar
Medial + lateral collateral
Medial + lateral femaropatellar
What are the ligaments of the hip?
Ventral + dorsal sacroiliac
Sacrosciatic
Accessory femoral
Capsular
Round
Transverse acetabular
What is the embryonic origin of annulus fibrosus?
Sclerotome
Which species don’t have a nuchal ligament?
Cat
Pig
What is the function of longus colli?
Flex spine
What is the function of sublumbar mm?
Flex spine
What is the function of rectus abdominis?
Flex spine
What is the function of scalenus?
Flex spine
What is the function of sternocephalicus?
Flex spine
Are the spinal flexor muscles hypaxial or epaxial?
Hypaxial
What muscles flex the spine?
Longus colli
Sublumbar mm
Rectus abdominis
Scalenus
Sternocephalicus
What is the function of splenius?
Extend spine
What is the function of transversospinalus?
Extend spine
What is the function of longissimus?
Extend spine
What is the function of iliocostalis?
Extend spine
Are the muscles that extend the spine hypaxial or epaxial?
Epaxial
What muscles extend the spine?
Splenius
Transversospinales
Longissimus
Iliocostalis
What is the equine terminal recess?
Tube like structure that collects urine from the poles of the kidneys into the renal pelvis
Where does the C1 motor nerve exit?
Lateral foramen of atlas
Do cervical nerves exit cranially or caudally to their like-numbered vertebrae?
Cranially
Do thoracic nerves exit cranially or caudally to their like-numbered vertebrae?
Caudally
Do sacral nerves exit cranially or caudally to their like-numbered vertebrae?
Caudally
Do lumbar nerves exit cranially or caudally to their like-numbered vertebrae?
Caudally
Do caudal nerves exit cranially or caudally to their like-numbered vertebrae?
Caudally
What spinal nerves form the brachial plexus?
C6-T2
What nerve is damaged in sweeney?
Suprascapular
Are sweat glands eccrine, apocrine or holocrine?
Apocrine
Are sebaceous glands eccrine, apocrine or holocrine?
Holocrine
What type of glands rely on secretion via membrane-bound vesicles into the lumen?
Apocrine
What type of glands secrete via rupturing cells?
Holocrine
What is the differences between anal glands and anal sacs?
‘anal glands’ are actually paranal sacs, the actual anal glands are in the canal
What drains via the right lymphatic duct?
Right head
Right neck
Right forelimb
Right thorax
What does the right lymphatic duct drain into?
Right jugular vein
Describe the course of the thoracic duct
Between aorta and azygos in abdomen
Over left aspect of oesophagus in thorax
Where do apocrine glands often discharge?
Hair follicles
How do eccrine glands secrete?
Exocytosis
