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VAP > Short answer > Flashcards

Short answer Flashcards

1
Q

What is the embryonic precursor of the right ventricle?

A

Bulbis cordis

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2
Q

What is the embryonic precursor of the left ventricle?

A

Primitive ventricle

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3
Q

What is the embryonic precursor of the right auricle?

A

Primitive atrium

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4
Q

What is the embryonic precursor of the right atrium?

A

Sinus venosus

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5
Q

What is the embryonic precursor of the pulmonary artery?

A

Truncus arteriosus

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6
Q

What is the embryonic precursor of the central nervous system?

A

Ectoderm

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7
Q

What is the embryonic precursor of the peripheral nervous system?

A

Ectoderm

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8
Q

What is the embryonic precursor of lung epithelium?

A

Endoderm

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9
Q

What is the embryonic precursor of peritoneal membrane?

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

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10
Q

What is the embryonic precursor of a Schwann cell?

A

Neural crest

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11
Q

What is the embryonic precursor of limb muscles?

A

Paraxial mesoderm

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12
Q

What is the embryonic precursor of the epidermis?

A

Ectoderm

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13
Q

What is the embryonic precursor of the colon epithelium?

A

Endoderm

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14
Q

What is the embryonic precursor of the epithelial lining of sebaceous glands?

A

Ectoderm

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15
Q

What is the embryonic precursor of the ureters?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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16
Q

What is the embryonic precursor of skin melanocytes?

A

Neural crest

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17
Q

What is the embryonic precursor of the nucleus pulposus?

A

Notochord

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18
Q

What is the embryonic precursor of the arrector pili muscle?

A

Ectoderm

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19
Q

What is the embryonic precursor of the trigone of the bladder?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

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20
Q

What is the embryonic precursor of the tibia?

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

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21
Q

What is the embryonic precursor of the coronary sinus?

A

Sinus venosus

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22
Q

What does sclerotome form?

A

Bone

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23
Q

What does myotome form?

A

Muscle

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24
Q

What does dermatome form?

A

Dermis

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25
Q

What sort of joint is the hip joint?

A

Enarthrosis (ball and socket)

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26
Q

What sort of joint is the skull suture joint?

A

Synostosis

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27
Q

What sort of joint is a growth plate?

A

Synchondrosis

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28
Q

What sort of joint is a mandibular joint?

A

Symphysis

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29
Q

What sort of joint is the distal tibiofibular joint?

A

Syndesmosis

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30
Q

What bone redirects the pull of flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Accessory carpal

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31
Q

What bovine metacarpal is vestigal?

A

MC V

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32
Q

What bone redirects the pull of interosseus?

A

Proximal sesamoids

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33
Q

What nerve innervates interosseus?

A

Ulnar

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34
Q

What nerve innervates brachialis?

A

Musculocutaneous

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35
Q

What nerve innervates flexor carpi radialis?

A

Median

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36
Q

What nerve innervates acromiodeltoideus?

A

Axillary

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37
Q

What nerve innervates ulnaris lateralis?

A

Radial

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38
Q

What nerve innervates gastrocnemius?

A

Tibial

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39
Q

What nerve innervates gracilis?

A

Obturator

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40
Q

What nerve innervates long digital extensor?

A

Fibular (peroneal)

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41
Q

What nerve innervates rectus femoris?

A

Femoral

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42
Q

What nerve innervates semitendinosus?

A

Sciatic trunk, proximal to bifurcation

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43
Q

What nerve innervates cremaster?

A

Genitofemoral

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44
Q

What nerve innervates biceps brachii?

A

Musculocutaneous

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45
Q

What nerve innervates teres major?

A

Axillary

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46
Q

What nerve innervates triceps?

A

Radial

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47
Q

What is the autonomic innervation to the caudal thoracic oesophagus?

A

Dorsal + ventral vagi

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48
Q

What is the autonomic innervation to the cranial thoracic oesophagus?

A

Left + right vagi

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49
Q

What is the autonomic innervation to the descending colon?

A

Pelvic plexus

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50
Q

What is the autonomic innervation to the greater curvature of the stomach?

A

Dorsal vagus

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51
Q

What is the autonomic innervation to the lesser curvature of the stomach?

A

Ventral vagus

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52
Q

What is the autonomic innervation to the liver?

A

Ventral vagus

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53
Q

What nerve innervates latissimus dorsi?

A

Thoracodorsal

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54
Q

What nerve innervates spinodeltoideus?

A

Axillary

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55
Q

What nerve innervates shoulder flexors?

A

Axillary

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56
Q

What nerve innervates supraspinatus?

A

Suprascapular

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57
Q

What nerve innervates infraspinatus?

A

Suprascapular

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58
Q

What nerve innervates subscapularis?

A

Subscapular

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59
Q

What nerve innervates elbow extensors?

A

Radial

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60
Q

What nerve innervates elbow flexors?

A

Musculocutaneous

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61
Q

What nerve innervates extensor carpi radialis?

A

Radial

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62
Q

What nerve innervates superficial gluteal?

A

Caudal gluteal

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63
Q

What nerve innervates coracobrachialis?

A

Musculocutaneous

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64
Q

What nerve innervates teres minor?

A

Axillary

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65
Q

What nerve innervates carpus extensors?

A

Radial

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66
Q

What nerve innervates forelimb digit extensors?

A

Radial

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67
Q

What nerve innervates flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Ulnar

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68
Q

What nerve innervates deep digital flexor ulnar head?

A

Ulnar

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69
Q

What nerve innervates manus muscles?

A

Ulnar

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70
Q

What nerve innervates most carpal flexors?

A

Median

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71
Q

What nerve innervates most digit flexors?

A

Median

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72
Q

What artery supplies the forelimb flexors?

A

Ulnar

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73
Q

What artery supplies the forelimb extensors?

A

Cranial interosseus

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74
Q

What artery supplies the manus?

A

Caudal interosseus

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75
Q

What nerve innervates middle gluteal?

A

Cranial gluteal

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76
Q

What nerve innervates deep gluteal?

A

Cranial gluteal

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77
Q

What nerve innervates gemelli?

A

Obturator

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78
Q

What nerve innervates the hamstrings?

A

Tibial sciatic

79
Q

What nerve innervates hip flexors?

A

Femoral

80
Q

What nerve innervates stifle extensors?

A

Femoral

81
Q

What nerve innervates hip adductors?

A

Obturator

82
Q

What nerve innervates pectineus?

A

Obturator

83
Q

What nerve innervates adductor?

A

Obturator

84
Q

What nerve innervates hindlimb digit flexors?

A

Tibial

85
Q

What nerve innervates the hock extensor?

A

Tibial

86
Q

What nerve innervates interosseus in the hindlimb?

A

Tibial

87
Q

What nerve innervates hindlimb digit extensors?

A

Fibular (peroneal)

88
Q

What nerve innervates hock flexors?

A

Fibular (peroneal)

89
Q

What is the embryonic precursor of the coronary sinus?

A

Sinus venosus

90
Q

What is the embryonic precursor of adrenal medulla?

A

Neural crest

91
Q

What is the embryonic precursor of the gall bladder epithelium?

A

Endoderm

92
Q

What is the embryonic precursor of eccrine glands?

A

Ectoderm

93
Q

What sort of joint is the atlanto-axial joint?

A

Pivot/trochoid

94
Q

What sort of joint is the inter-carpal joint?

A

Planar

95
Q

What sort of joint is the proximal interpharangeal joint?

A

Sellar/saddle

96
Q

What sort of joint is the talocrural joint?

A

Hinge (diarthrosis)

97
Q

What is ginglymus?

A

Hinge joint

98
Q

What vertebrae are fused to other vertebrae?

A

Sacral

99
Q

What vertebra has a large ventral laminae?

A

C6

100
Q

What vertebrae have long spinous processes?

A

Thoracic

101
Q

What vertebra has no centrum or spinous process?

A

C1

102
Q

What is C1?

A

Atlas

103
Q

What is C2?

A

Axis

104
Q

What are the heart strings?

A

Chorda tendinea

105
Q

What is the lung lobation of carnivores?

A

Left 3
Right 4

106
Q

What is the lung lobation of pigs?

A

Left 3
Right 4

107
Q

What is the lung lobation of an ox?

A

Left 3
Right 5

108
Q

What is the lung lobation of sheep?

A

Left 3
Right 5

109
Q

What is the lung lobation of horses?

A

Left 2
Right 3

110
Q

Do carnivores have lobulated lungs?

A

No

111
Q

Do pigs have lobulated lungs?

A

Yes

112
Q

Do cows have lobulated lungs?

A

Yes

113
Q

Do sheep have lobulated lungs?

A

No

114
Q

Do horses have lobulated lungs?

A

No

115
Q

Do carnivores have a tracheal bronchus?

A

No

116
Q

Do pigs have a tracheal bronchus?

A

Yes

117
Q

Do cows have a tracheal bronchus?

A

Yes

118
Q

Do sheep have a tracheal bronchus?

A

Yes

119
Q

Do horses have a tracheal bronchus?

A

No

120
Q

What species have a tracheal bronchus?

A

Pig
Ox
Sheep

121
Q

What species have lobulated lungs?

A

Pig
Ox

122
Q

What recess does the basal border of the lung move into?

A

Costodiaphragmatic recess

123
Q

What recess does the ventral border of the lung move into?

A

Costomediastinal recess

124
Q

What are the visceral surface impressions of the canine liver?

A

Stomach
Duodenum
Right kidney

125
Q

What are the visceral surface impressions of the pig liver?

A

Stomach
Duodenum

126
Q

What are the visceral surface impressions of the ox liver?

A

Omasum
Reticulum
Right kidney

127
Q

What are the visceral surface impressions of the equine liver?

A

Stomach
Apex of caecum
Diaphragmatic flexure
Right dorsal colon
Right kidney

128
Q

Which species has a scalloped quadrate lobe?

A

Horse

129
Q

Which species has a lobulated liver?

A

Pig

130
Q

Which species doesn’t have a divided left liver lobe?

A

Ruminant

131
Q

Which species doesn’t have a gall bladder?

A

Horse

132
Q

Which species have a divided right liver lobe?

A

Pig
Dog

133
Q

Which species don’t have a divided right liver lobe?

A

Horse
Ruminant

134
Q

What part of the liver cups the right kidney (except in the pig)?

A

Caudate process

135
Q

Which species’ livers have a papillary process?

A

Dog
Ruminant

136
Q

Which species has capsular veins in their kidneys?

A

Cat

137
Q

Which species have lobulated kidneys?

A

Ox

138
Q

What is the order the kidneys develop in?

A

Pronephros
Mesonephros
Metanephros

139
Q

What is the embryological origin of kidney cortex?

A

Intermediate mesoderm

140
Q

What is the embryological origin of kidney medulla?

A

Neural crest

141
Q

What is the embryological origin of the thymus?

A

Endoderm

142
Q

What is the embryological origin of the parathyroid?

A

Endoderm

143
Q

What is the embryological origin of blood?

A

Lateral plate mesoderm

144
Q

What organises the rostral/caudal body axis during gastrualation?

A

Primitive node

145
Q

Where does the notochord form?

A

Along the axis of the primitive groove

146
Q

How many vertebrae does each somite contribute to?

A

2

147
Q

What prevents PiPj overextension in the equine forelimb as part of the stay apparatus?

A

Palmar ligament
Radial check ligament to superficial digital flexor tendon

148
Q

What prevents MCPj overextension in the equine forelimb as part of the stay apparatus?

A

Suspensory ligament

149
Q

What prevents DiPj overextension in the equine forelimb as part of the stay apparatus?

A

Carpal check ligament to deep digital flexor tendon

150
Q

What is lacertus fibrosus?

A

Part of the equine stay apparatus- internal tendon running through biceps and extensor carpi radialis from scapula to cannon bone that prevents shoulder flexion when the elbow and carpus are locked

151
Q

What is involved in the equine stay apparatus in the forelimb?

A

Trunk slung from relatively fibrous serratus ventralis
Lacertus fibrosus
Biceps tendon of origin sticks in bicipital groove
Carpal bones lock in straight line
Elbow snap joints aided by fibrous old pronators
Palmar ligament
Radial check ligament
Carpal check ligament
Suspensory ligament

152
Q

What is peroneus tertius?

A

Fibrous band from femur to tarsus in the horse that forms the reciprocal apparatus

153
Q

What is involved in the equine stay apparatus in the hindlimb?

A

Stifle locking
Acc

154
Q

What is involved in the equine stay apparatus in the hindlimb?

A

Stifle locking
Accessory ligament (pelvis to femur)
Hock snap joint
Fibrous band in superficial digital flexor (femur-tuber calcis)
Tarsal check ligament (variable)

155
Q

What is the effect of the reciprocal apparatus?

A

Hock and stifle flex and extend in sync

156
Q

What is the equine stifle locking mechanism?

A

Medial patellar ligament hooks over medial trochlear ridge of femur

157
Q

What forms the reciprocal apparatus?

A

Peroneus tertius
Superficial digital flexor

158
Q

What are the ligaments of the fetlock?

A

Medial + lateral collateral
Suspensory + extensor slips
Medial + lateral sesamoidean
Intersesamoidean
Straight
Oblique
Cruciate
Short

159
Q

What are the ligaments of the equine stifle?

A

Medial patellar
Middle patellar
Lateral patellar
Medial + lateral collateral
Medial + lateral femaropatellar

160
Q

What are the ligaments of the hip?

A

Ventral + dorsal sacroiliac
Sacrosciatic
Accessory femoral
Capsular
Round
Transverse acetabular

161
Q

What is the embryonic origin of annulus fibrosus?

A

Sclerotome

162
Q

Which species don’t have a nuchal ligament?

A

Cat
Pig

163
Q

What is the function of longus colli?

A

Flex spine

164
Q

What is the function of sublumbar mm?

A

Flex spine

165
Q

What is the function of rectus abdominis?

A

Flex spine

166
Q

What is the function of scalenus?

A

Flex spine

167
Q

What is the function of sternocephalicus?

A

Flex spine

168
Q

Are the spinal flexor muscles hypaxial or epaxial?

A

Hypaxial

169
Q

What muscles flex the spine?

A

Longus colli
Sublumbar mm
Rectus abdominis
Scalenus
Sternocephalicus

170
Q

What is the function of splenius?

A

Extend spine

171
Q

What is the function of transversospinalus?

A

Extend spine

172
Q

What is the function of longissimus?

A

Extend spine

173
Q

What is the function of iliocostalis?

A

Extend spine

174
Q

Are the muscles that extend the spine hypaxial or epaxial?

A

Epaxial

175
Q

What muscles extend the spine?

A

Splenius
Transversospinales
Longissimus
Iliocostalis

176
Q

What is the equine terminal recess?

A

Tube like structure that collects urine from the poles of the kidneys into the renal pelvis

177
Q

Where does the C1 motor nerve exit?

A

Lateral foramen of atlas

178
Q

Do cervical nerves exit cranially or caudally to their like-numbered vertebrae?

A

Cranially

179
Q

Do thoracic nerves exit cranially or caudally to their like-numbered vertebrae?

A

Caudally

180
Q

Do sacral nerves exit cranially or caudally to their like-numbered vertebrae?

A

Caudally

181
Q

Do lumbar nerves exit cranially or caudally to their like-numbered vertebrae?

A

Caudally

182
Q

Do caudal nerves exit cranially or caudally to their like-numbered vertebrae?

A

Caudally

183
Q

What spinal nerves form the brachial plexus?

A

C6-T2

184
Q

What nerve is damaged in sweeney?

A

Suprascapular

185
Q

Are sweat glands eccrine, apocrine or holocrine?

A

Apocrine

186
Q

Are sebaceous glands eccrine, apocrine or holocrine?

A

Holocrine

187
Q

What type of glands rely on secretion via membrane-bound vesicles into the lumen?

A

Apocrine

188
Q

What type of glands secrete via rupturing cells?

A

Holocrine

189
Q

What is the differences between anal glands and anal sacs?

A

‘anal glands’ are actually paranal sacs, the actual anal glands are in the canal

190
Q

What drains via the right lymphatic duct?

A

Right head
Right neck
Right forelimb
Right thorax

191
Q

What does the right lymphatic duct drain into?

A

Right jugular vein

192
Q

Describe the course of the thoracic duct

A

Between aorta and azygos in abdomen
Over left aspect of oesophagus in thorax

193
Q

Where do apocrine glands often discharge?

A

Hair follicles

194
Q

How do eccrine glands secrete?

A

Exocytosis

VAP (4 decks)

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