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VAP > Practical Paper > Flashcards

Practical Paper Flashcards

1
Q

What is the binomial name of a dog?

A

Canis familiaris

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2
Q

What is the binomial name of a cat?

A

Felis catus

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3
Q

What is the binomial name of a horse?

A

Equus caballas

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4
Q

What is the binomial name of a rabbit?

A

Oryctolagus cuniculus

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5
Q

What is the gestation period of a pig?

A

115 days

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6
Q

What is the inguinum?

A

Groin

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7
Q

What is the axilla?

A

Armpit

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8
Q

How do the contents of a fetal lung differ from those of a newborn animal that had breathed?

A

Fetal lungs contain liquid

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9
Q

What is the binomial name of a sheep?

A

Ovis aries

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10
Q

What is the binomial name of an ox?

A

Bos taurus

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11
Q

What are tissues that absorb X-rays well called?

A

Radioopaque

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12
Q

What are tissues that do not absorb X-rays well called?

A

Radiolucent

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13
Q

Where does most reflection occur during an ultrasound?

A

Tissue interfaces, especially soft tissue to liquid

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14
Q

What is a fossa?

A

Ditch

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15
Q

What is a trochlea?

A

Pulley

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16
Q

What is a tuberosity?

A

Bump

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17
Q

What is a foramen?

A

Hole

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18
Q

What species have scapular cartilage?

A

Horse
Ox
Dog
Pig

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19
Q

What species have an acromion?

A

Cat
Rabbit

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20
Q

What species have a tuber spinae?

A

Horse
Pig

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21
Q

Which species have a freely moving radius and ulna?

A

Carnivores

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22
Q

Which species has a tightly moulded radius and ulna?

A

Pig

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23
Q

Which species have a fused radius and ulna?

A

Ruminant
Rabbit

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24
Q

Which species has an incomplete ulna?

A

Horse

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25
Q

What is the function of cutaneus trunci?

A

Twitch the skin

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26
Q

What muscle twitches the skin?

A

Cutaneus trunci

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27
Q

What is the function of latissimus dorsi?

A

Retract forelimb

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28
Q

What muscle is the prime retractor of the forelimb?

A

Latissimus dorsi

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29
Q

What is the function of brachiocephalicus?

A

Protract forelimb

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30
Q

What makes up brachiocephalicus?

A

Clavicular tendon
Cleidomastoideus
Cleidocervicalus
Cleidobrachialis

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31
Q

What is the function of cleidobrachialis?

A

Protract forelimb

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32
Q

What is the function of cleidomastoideus?

A

Protract forelimb

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33
Q

What is the function of cleidocervicalus?

A

Protract forelimb

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34
Q

What is the function of omotransversarius?

A

Caudal rotator of scapula

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35
Q

What is the function of cervical trapezius?

A

Caudal rotator of scapula

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36
Q

What is the function of thoracic trapezius?

A

Caudal rotator of scapula

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37
Q

What is the function of cervical rhomboid?

A

Elevate scapula

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38
Q

What is the function of thoracic rhomboid?

A

Elevate scapula

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39
Q

What is the function of cervical serratus ventralis?

A

Cranial rotator of scapula

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40
Q

What is the function of thoracic serratus ventralis?

A

Depressor of forelimb

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41
Q

What is the function of deep pectoral?

A

Adduct forelimb

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42
Q

What is the function of superficial pectoral?

A

Adduct forelimb

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43
Q

Where are the flexor aspects of the elbow?

A

Cranial

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44
Q

Where are the flexor aspects of the carpus?

A

Caudal

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45
Q

Where are the flexor aspects of the hip?

A

Cranial

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46
Q

Where are the flexor aspects of the stifle?

A

Caudal

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47
Q

Where are the flexor aspects of the hock?

A

Cranial

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48
Q

What is the function of spinodeltoideus?

A

Shoulder flexor

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49
Q

What is the function of acromiodeltoideus?

A

Shoulder flexor

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50
Q

Where are the shoulder flexors?

A

Caudal

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51
Q

What is the function of teres major?

A

Shoulder flexor

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52
Q

What is the function of supraspinatus?

A

Shoulder extensor

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53
Q

What is the function of infraspinatus?

A

Ligamentar shoulder muscle

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54
Q

What is the function of subscapularis?

A

Ligamentar shoulder muscle

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55
Q

What is the function of triceps?

A

Elbow extensor

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56
Q

What is the function of biceps brachii?

A

Elbow flexor

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57
Q

What is the function of brachialis?

A

Elbow flexor

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58
Q

What muscle prevents digit I being abducted in the dog?

A

Extensor of digits I + II

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59
Q

What tiny capsular muscles insert on the capsule of the metacarpophalangeal joint?

A

Lumbricales

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60
Q

What joint does deep digital flexor primarily act at?

A

DiPj

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61
Q

What joint does superficial digital flexor primarily act at?

A

PiPj

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62
Q

What joint does interosseus primarily act at?

A

MCPj

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63
Q

What is the function of teres minor?

A

Capsular shoulder muscle

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64
Q

What is the function of coracobrachialis?

A

Capsular shoulder muscle

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65
Q

What binds the tendon of origin of biceps to the humerus?

A

Transverse humeral ligament

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66
Q

What is the function of anconeus?

A

Elbow capsular muscle

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67
Q

What are the three joints of the carpus?

A

AbCj
iCj
CMCj

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68
Q

What is the additional insertion of interosseus in the equine hindlimb?

A

Fourth tarsal bone

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69
Q

What forms the lateral wall of the carpal canal?

A

Accessory carpal bone

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70
Q

What are the proximal carpal bones?

A

Radial
Intermediate
Ulnar

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71
Q

What is the talus?

A

Tibial tarsal

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72
Q

What is calcaneus?

A

Fibular tarsal

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73
Q

What part of brachiocephalicus isn’t present in ungulates?

A

Cleidocervicalus

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74
Q

Which species doesn’t have an accessory head of triceps?

A

Horse

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75
Q

What thigh muscles have additional proximal origins in the horse?

A

Superficial gluteal
Biceps Femoris
Semitendinosus

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76
Q

What is the function of superficial gluteal in the horse?

A

Hip flexor

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77
Q

What is the insertion of superficial gluteal in the horse?

A

Third trochanter

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78
Q

What is the difference between pelvis and hip?

A

Pelvis is the bone, hip is the joint

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79
Q

How do the fore and hindlimb cannon bones differ in the horse and ox?

A

Fore is circular in cross section, hind is flattened into an oval

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80
Q

Which limb is primarily propulsive?

A

Hindlimb

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81
Q

What is the function of superficial gluteal?

A

Hip extensor + abductor

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82
Q

What is the function of middle gluteal?

A

Hip extensor + abductor

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83
Q

What is the function of piriformis?

A

Hip extensor + abductor

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84
Q

What is the function of biceps femoris?

A

Hip extensor
Stifle flexor

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85
Q

What is the function of semimembranosus?

A

Hip extensor
Stifle flexor

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86
Q

What is the function of quadratus femoris?

A

Hip extensor

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87
Q

What is the function of deep gluteal?

A

Hip inward rotator

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88
Q

What is the function of internal obturator?

A

Hip outward rotator

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89
Q

What is the function of gemelli?

A

Hip outward rotator

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90
Q

What is the function of external obturator?

A

Hip outward rotator

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91
Q

What is the function of adductor?

A

Hip adductor

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92
Q

What is the function of pectineus?

A

Hip adductor

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93
Q

What is the function of cranial sartorius?

A

Hip flexor

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94
Q

What is the function of ilio-psoas?

A

Hip flexor

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95
Q

What is the function of iliacus?

A

Hip flexor

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96
Q

What is the function of psoas major?

A

Hip flexor

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97
Q

What two muscles make up ilio-psoas?

A

Iliacus
Psoas major

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98
Q

What is the function of tenuissimus?

A

Stifle flexor

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99
Q

What is the function of semitendinosus?

A

Stifle flexor

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100
Q

What is the function of gracilis?

A

Stifle flexor

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101
Q

What is the function of caudal sartorius?

A

Stifle flexor

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102
Q

What is the function of quadriceps femoris?

A

Stifle extensor

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103
Q

What muscles make up the hamstrings?

A

Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus

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104
Q

What muscles make up quadriceps femoris?

A

Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis

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105
Q

What is the function of rectus femoris?

A

Stifle extensor

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106
Q

What is the function of vastus lateralis?

A

Stifle extensor

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107
Q

What is the function of vastus intermedius?

A

Stifle extensor

108
Q

What is the function of vastus medialis?

A

Stifle extensor

109
Q

What is the function of popliteus?

A

Stifle inward rotator

110
Q

What is the function of gastrocnemius?

A

Hock extensor

111
Q

What is the function of caudal tibial?

A

Capsular muscle of hock

112
Q

What is the function of fibularis longus?

A

Hock flexor

113
Q

What is the function of cranial tibial?

A

Hock flexor

114
Q

What is the function of fibularis brevis?

A

Hock flexor

115
Q

What is the function of capsularis coxae?

A

Capsular hip muscle

116
Q

What connects the acetabulum to the femoral head?

A

Round ligament

117
Q

What is C1 called?

A

Atlas

118
Q

What is C2 called?

A

Axis

119
Q

How does C7 differ from C3-C6?

A

No canal

120
Q

What sort of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?

A

Hinge (nodding head)

121
Q

What sort of joint is the atlanto-axial joint?

A

Pivot

122
Q

What is the wither?

A

Large neural spines of the thoracic vertebrae that act as the origin for the nuchal ligament

123
Q

How would you define a vertebra as thoracic?

A

Transverse process articulates with a rib

124
Q

What two parts make up an intervertebral disc?

A

Nucleus pulposus
Annulus fibrosus

125
Q

How many vertebrae are fused in the canine sacrum?

A

3

126
Q

How many vertebrae are fused in the equine sacrum?

A

5

127
Q

How many vertebrae are fused in the bovine sacrum?

A

5

128
Q

What is the function of the nucleus pulposus of an intervertebral disc?

A

Absorb concussion

129
Q

What is the function of the annulus fibrosus of an intervertebral disc?

A

Absorb traction, twisting, flexion

130
Q

What is the most caudal part of the sternum?

A

Xiphisternum

131
Q

What is the linea alba?

A

The fibrous seam running along the ventral abdominal midline

132
Q

What forms the inguinal ligament?

A

Free caudal border of external abdominal oblique

133
Q

What is the function of the cremaster muscle?

A

Elevate testicle

134
Q

Which muscle is characteristically segmented and gives the ‘six pack’ appearance?

A

Rectus abdominis

135
Q

What muscle is, for the most part, the deepest abdominal muscle?

A

Transversus abdominus

136
Q

What species has tunica flava?

A

Horse

137
Q

What forms the heave line in horses with respiratory issues?

A

External abdominal oblique

138
Q

What nerve innervates subscapularis?

A

Subscapular

139
Q

What nerve innervates supraspinatus?

A

Suprascapular

140
Q

What nerve innervates infraspinatus?

A

Suprascapular

141
Q

What nerve innervates cleidobrachialis?

A

Cleidobrachial

142
Q

What nerve innervates superficial pectoral?

A

Cranial pectoral

143
Q

What nerve innervates coracobrachialis?

A

Musculocutaneous

144
Q

What nerve innervates the elbow flexors?

A

Musculocutaneous

145
Q

What nerve innervates teres minor?

A

Axillary

146
Q

What nerve innervates the shoulder flexors?

A

Axillary

147
Q

What nerve innervates deep pectoral?

A

Caudal pectoral

148
Q

What nerve innervates serratus ventralis?

A

Long thoracic

149
Q

What nerve innervates latissimus dorsi?

A

Thoracodorsal

150
Q

What nerve innervates triceps?

A

Radial

151
Q

What nerve innervates the carpus extensors?

A

Radial

152
Q

What nerve innervates the digit extensors?

A

Radial

153
Q

What nerve innervates most carpal flexors?

A

Median

154
Q

What nerve innervates most digit flexors?

A

Median

155
Q

What nerve innervates flexor carpi ulnaris?

A

Ulnar

156
Q

What nerve innervates deep digital flexor ulnar head?

A

Ulnar

157
Q

What nerve innervates hindlimb digit extensors?

A

Fibular

158
Q

What is the medial palmar digital nerve made up of?

A

Median nerve fibres

159
Q

What is the lateral palmar digital nerve made up of?

A

Median and ulnar nerve fibres

160
Q

How does the axillary nerve differ in the horse compared to the dog?

A

In the horse it extends one joint further to reach the carpus

161
Q

What artery supplies the forelimb flexors?

A

Ulnar

162
Q

What artery supplies the forelimb extensors?

A

Cranial interosseous

163
Q

What artery supplies the manus?

A

Caudal interosseous

164
Q

What makes up the sciatic trunk?

A

Tibial + fibular

165
Q

What nerve innervates middle gluteal?

A

Cranial gluteal

166
Q

What nerve innervates the hip flexors?

A

Femoral

167
Q

What nerve innervates the stifle extensors?

A

Femoral

168
Q

What is the long and mainly sensory branch of the femoral nerve?

A

Saphenous

169
Q

What nerve innervates adductor?

A

Obturator

170
Q

What nerve innervates pectineus?

A

Obturator

171
Q

What nerve innervates gracilis?

A

Obturator

172
Q

What nerve innervates external obturator?

A

Obturator

173
Q

What nerve innervates the medial skin of the thigh?

A

Genitofemoral

174
Q

What nerve innervates the hamstrings?

A

Tibial (sciatic)

175
Q

What nerve innervates the hock extensor?

A

Tibial (sciatic)

176
Q

What nerve innervates the hindlimb digit flexors?

A

Tibial (sciatic)

177
Q

What nerve innervates the hock flexors?

A

Fibular

178
Q

What side is the azygos on in the dog?

A

Right

179
Q

What side is the azygos on in the horse?

A

Right

180
Q

What side is the azygos on in the ox?

A

Left

181
Q

What side is the azygos on in the pig?

A

Left

182
Q

What side is the azygos on in most ruminants?

A

Right

183
Q

What are the first vessels that branch off the aorta?

A

Coronary vessels

184
Q

How many cusps does the chordae tendinae from one papillary muscle connect to?

A

2

185
Q

What lymphocentre drains most of the hindlimbs, rump and pelvis?

A

Iliac

186
Q

What species has an additional lymph node in a limb?

A

Horse

187
Q

What is the additional lymph node in the horse?

A

Cubital

188
Q

Where is the cubital lymph node?

A

Equine elbow

189
Q

What tissue is the equine spleen particularly rich in?

A

Smooth muscle

190
Q

What are the parts of a rib?

A

Vertebral part (dorsal 2/3)
Sternal part (ventral 1/3)

191
Q

What is the first sternebra?

A

Manubrium

192
Q

What is the last sternebra?

A

Xiphisternum

193
Q

What is the head of a rib called?

A

Capitulum

194
Q

Which species has cylindrical sternebrae?

A

Dog

195
Q

Which species have flattened sternebrae?

A

Ruminant

196
Q

Which species have keeled sternebrae?

A

Horse

197
Q

What innervates the diaphragm?

A

Left and right phrenic nerves

198
Q

What are the inspiratory muscles?

A

Diaphragm
Serratus dorsalis cranialis
External intercostals
Levatores costarum
Rectus thoracis

199
Q

What muscles are involved in forced breathing?

A

Latissimus dorsi
Deep pectoral

200
Q

What are the expiratory muscles?

A

External abdominal oblique
Internal abdominal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis
Internal intercostals
Retractor costae
Transversus thoracis
Serratus dorsalis caudalis
Iliocostalis

201
Q

Where are vessels located in relation to the ribs?

A

Caudal to the rib

202
Q

What connects the lungs to the mediastinum?

A

Pulmonary ligament

203
Q

How does the bovine trachea differ from other species?

A

Dorsal ‘ridge’ appearance

204
Q

What large vessels drain into the right atrium?

A

Caudal vena cava
Azygos vein
Cranial vena cava
Coronary vein

205
Q

What is hydrothorax?

A

Fluid in thorax

206
Q

What is haemothorax?

A

Blood in thorax

207
Q

What is chylothorax?

A

Chyle in thorax

208
Q

What is pneumothorax?

A

Air in thorax

209
Q

What is pyothorax?

A

Puss in thorax

210
Q

What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on heart rate?

A

Increases

211
Q

What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the force of cardiac contraction?

A

Increases

212
Q

What effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on the force of cardiac contraction?

A

No direct effect

213
Q

What effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on heart rate?

A

Decreases

214
Q

Where is the junction between foregut and midgut?

A

First quarter of duodenum

215
Q

Where is the junction between midgut and hindgut?

A

Between transverse and ascending colon

216
Q

What anatomical feature suggests a reason why horses can’t vomit?

A

Prominent cardiac sphinct

217
Q

What are rugae?

A

Folds

218
Q

What connects the ascending colon and descending duodenum?

A

Right duodenocolic ligament

219
Q

What connects the ascending duodenum and descending colon?

A

Left duodenocolic ligament

220
Q

What connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon?

A

Gastrocolic ligament

221
Q

What connects the descending colon to the spleen?

A

Splenocolic ligament

222
Q

What attaches the spleen to the stomach?

A

Gastrosplenic ligament

223
Q

What is the ventral attachment of the liver?

A

Falciform ligament

224
Q

How many taenia does a pig caecum have?

A

3

225
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the foregut?

A

Coeliac ganglion

226
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the midgut?

A

Cranial mesenteric ganglion

227
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation of the hindgut?

A

Caudal mesenteric ganglion

228
Q

What is the parasympathetic innervation of the hindgut?

A

Pelvic plexus (from sacral outflow)

229
Q

What is a plexus?

A

Tangle of nerve fibres with no synapses

230
Q

What is a ganglion?

A

A bulge where synapses and cell bodies are located

231
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation to the foregut?

A

Dorsal and ventral vagus

232
Q

What is the sympathetic innervation to the midgut?

A

Dorsal vagus

233
Q

What forms the two faecal types of the rabbit?

A

Fusus coli

234
Q

What dilates the distal rabbit ileum?

A

Sacculus rotundus

235
Q

What is the most proximal part of the ascending colon?

A

Ampulla caecalis coli

236
Q

Do rabbits have a gall bladder?

A

Yes

237
Q

What separates ingesta in the rabbit?

A

Ampulla caecalis coli

238
Q

What supplies blood to the stomach?

A

Coeliac artery

239
Q

What shape are bovine reticular cells?

A

Square

240
Q

What shape are sheep reticular cells?

A

Hexagonal

241
Q

What shape are goat reticular cells?

A

Pentagonal

242
Q

What part of the ruminant stomach is involved in water absorption?

A

Omasum

243
Q

What makes up the forestomach of a ruminant?

A

Reticulum

244
Q

What makes up the proventriculus of a ruminant?

A

Rumen + omasum

245
Q

Where do you auscultate the rumen?

A

Left paralumbar fossa

246
Q

How many taenia does the equine caecum have?

A

4

247
Q

How many taenia does the equine right ventral colon have?

A

4

248
Q

How many taenia does the equine left ventral colon have?

A

4

249
Q

How many taenia does the equine left dorsal colon have?

A

2 (1 pelvic flexure, 1 rest of LDC)

250
Q

How many taenia does the equine right dorsal colon have?

A

1

251
Q

How many taenia does the equine transverse colon have?

A

2

252
Q

How many taenia does the equine descending colon have?

A

2

253
Q

What are the layers of the rumen?

A

Serosa
Muscularis
Submucosa
Epithelium

254
Q

Which liver lobe is serrated in the horse?

A

Quadrate

255
Q

What is the blood supply to the pancreas?

A

Pancreaticoduodenal

256
Q

How is the adrenal innervated?

A

Sympathetic preganglionic

257
Q

What species has a terminal recess in the kidney?

A

Horse

258
Q

In which species is the left kidney often on the right?

A

Ox

259
Q

In which species in the left kidney often not caudal to the right kidney?

A

Pig

260
Q

What is the renal sinus?

A

Pelvis + fat + vessels

261
Q

What is the renal parenchyme?

A

Cortex + medulla

262
Q

What provides motor innervation to the pelvic diaphragm?

A

Pudendal nerve

263
Q

What makes up the pelvic diaphragm?

A

Sacrosciatic ligament
Coccygeus
Levator ani

264
Q

What can you palpate in the canine abdomen?

A

Bladder
Descending colon
Kidneys

265
Q

What can you palpate in the feline abdomen?

A

Stomach
Liver
Spleen
Bladder
Kidneys

VAP (4 decks)

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