Practical Paper Flashcards
What is the binomial name of a dog?
Canis familiaris
What is the binomial name of a cat?
Felis catus
What is the binomial name of a horse?
Equus caballas
What is the binomial name of a rabbit?
Oryctolagus cuniculus
What is the gestation period of a pig?
115 days
What is the inguinum?
Groin
What is the axilla?
Armpit
How do the contents of a fetal lung differ from those of a newborn animal that had breathed?
Fetal lungs contain liquid
What is the binomial name of a sheep?
Ovis aries
What is the binomial name of an ox?
Bos taurus
What are tissues that absorb X-rays well called?
Radioopaque
What are tissues that do not absorb X-rays well called?
Radiolucent
Where does most reflection occur during an ultrasound?
Tissue interfaces, especially soft tissue to liquid
What is a fossa?
Ditch
What is a trochlea?
Pulley
What is a tuberosity?
Bump
What is a foramen?
Hole
What species have scapular cartilage?
Horse
Ox
Dog
Pig
What species have an acromion?
Cat
Rabbit
What species have a tuber spinae?
Horse
Pig
Which species have a freely moving radius and ulna?
Carnivores
Which species has a tightly moulded radius and ulna?
Pig
Which species have a fused radius and ulna?
Ruminant
Rabbit
Which species has an incomplete ulna?
Horse
What is the function of cutaneus trunci?
Twitch the skin
What muscle twitches the skin?
Cutaneus trunci
What is the function of latissimus dorsi?
Retract forelimb
What muscle is the prime retractor of the forelimb?
Latissimus dorsi
What is the function of brachiocephalicus?
Protract forelimb
What makes up brachiocephalicus?
Clavicular tendon
Cleidomastoideus
Cleidocervicalus
Cleidobrachialis
What is the function of cleidobrachialis?
Protract forelimb
What is the function of cleidomastoideus?
Protract forelimb
What is the function of cleidocervicalus?
Protract forelimb
What is the function of omotransversarius?
Caudal rotator of scapula
What is the function of cervical trapezius?
Caudal rotator of scapula
What is the function of thoracic trapezius?
Caudal rotator of scapula
What is the function of cervical rhomboid?
Elevate scapula
What is the function of thoracic rhomboid?
Elevate scapula
What is the function of cervical serratus ventralis?
Cranial rotator of scapula
What is the function of thoracic serratus ventralis?
Depressor of forelimb
What is the function of deep pectoral?
Adduct forelimb
What is the function of superficial pectoral?
Adduct forelimb
Where are the flexor aspects of the elbow?
Cranial
Where are the flexor aspects of the carpus?
Caudal
Where are the flexor aspects of the hip?
Cranial
Where are the flexor aspects of the stifle?
Caudal
Where are the flexor aspects of the hock?
Cranial
What is the function of spinodeltoideus?
Shoulder flexor
What is the function of acromiodeltoideus?
Shoulder flexor
Where are the shoulder flexors?
Caudal
What is the function of teres major?
Shoulder flexor
What is the function of supraspinatus?
Shoulder extensor
What is the function of infraspinatus?
Ligamentar shoulder muscle
What is the function of subscapularis?
Ligamentar shoulder muscle
What is the function of triceps?
Elbow extensor
What is the function of biceps brachii?
Elbow flexor
What is the function of brachialis?
Elbow flexor
What muscle prevents digit I being abducted in the dog?
Extensor of digits I + II
What tiny capsular muscles insert on the capsule of the metacarpophalangeal joint?
Lumbricales
What joint does deep digital flexor primarily act at?
DiPj
What joint does superficial digital flexor primarily act at?
PiPj
What joint does interosseus primarily act at?
MCPj
What is the function of teres minor?
Capsular shoulder muscle
What is the function of coracobrachialis?
Capsular shoulder muscle
What binds the tendon of origin of biceps to the humerus?
Transverse humeral ligament
What is the function of anconeus?
Elbow capsular muscle
What are the three joints of the carpus?
AbCj
iCj
CMCj
What is the additional insertion of interosseus in the equine hindlimb?
Fourth tarsal bone
What forms the lateral wall of the carpal canal?
Accessory carpal bone
What are the proximal carpal bones?
Radial
Intermediate
Ulnar
What is the talus?
Tibial tarsal
What is calcaneus?
Fibular tarsal
What part of brachiocephalicus isn’t present in ungulates?
Cleidocervicalus
Which species doesn’t have an accessory head of triceps?
Horse
What thigh muscles have additional proximal origins in the horse?
Superficial gluteal
Biceps Femoris
Semitendinosus
What is the function of superficial gluteal in the horse?
Hip flexor
What is the insertion of superficial gluteal in the horse?
Third trochanter
What is the difference between pelvis and hip?
Pelvis is the bone, hip is the joint
How do the fore and hindlimb cannon bones differ in the horse and ox?
Fore is circular in cross section, hind is flattened into an oval
Which limb is primarily propulsive?
Hindlimb
What is the function of superficial gluteal?
Hip extensor + abductor
What is the function of middle gluteal?
Hip extensor + abductor
What is the function of piriformis?
Hip extensor + abductor
What is the function of biceps femoris?
Hip extensor
Stifle flexor
What is the function of semimembranosus?
Hip extensor
Stifle flexor
What is the function of quadratus femoris?
Hip extensor
What is the function of deep gluteal?
Hip inward rotator
What is the function of internal obturator?
Hip outward rotator
What is the function of gemelli?
Hip outward rotator
What is the function of external obturator?
Hip outward rotator
What is the function of adductor?
Hip adductor
What is the function of pectineus?
Hip adductor
What is the function of cranial sartorius?
Hip flexor
What is the function of ilio-psoas?
Hip flexor
What is the function of iliacus?
Hip flexor
What is the function of psoas major?
Hip flexor
What two muscles make up ilio-psoas?
Iliacus
Psoas major
What is the function of tenuissimus?
Stifle flexor
What is the function of semitendinosus?
Stifle flexor
What is the function of gracilis?
Stifle flexor
What is the function of caudal sartorius?
Stifle flexor
What is the function of quadriceps femoris?
Stifle extensor
What muscles make up the hamstrings?
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
What muscles make up quadriceps femoris?
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis
What is the function of rectus femoris?
Stifle extensor
What is the function of vastus lateralis?
Stifle extensor
What is the function of vastus intermedius?
Stifle extensor
What is the function of vastus medialis?
Stifle extensor
What is the function of popliteus?
Stifle inward rotator
What is the function of gastrocnemius?
Hock extensor
What is the function of caudal tibial?
Capsular muscle of hock
What is the function of fibularis longus?
Hock flexor
What is the function of cranial tibial?
Hock flexor
What is the function of fibularis brevis?
Hock flexor
What is the function of capsularis coxae?
Capsular hip muscle
What connects the acetabulum to the femoral head?
Round ligament
What is C1 called?
Atlas
What is C2 called?
Axis
How does C7 differ from C3-C6?
No canal
What sort of joint is the atlanto-occipital joint?
Hinge (nodding head)
What sort of joint is the atlanto-axial joint?
Pivot
What is the wither?
Large neural spines of the thoracic vertebrae that act as the origin for the nuchal ligament
How would you define a vertebra as thoracic?
Transverse process articulates with a rib
What two parts make up an intervertebral disc?
Nucleus pulposus
Annulus fibrosus
How many vertebrae are fused in the canine sacrum?
3
How many vertebrae are fused in the equine sacrum?
5
How many vertebrae are fused in the bovine sacrum?
5
What is the function of the nucleus pulposus of an intervertebral disc?
Absorb concussion
What is the function of the annulus fibrosus of an intervertebral disc?
Absorb traction, twisting, flexion
What is the most caudal part of the sternum?
Xiphisternum
What is the linea alba?
The fibrous seam running along the ventral abdominal midline
What forms the inguinal ligament?
Free caudal border of external abdominal oblique
What is the function of the cremaster muscle?
Elevate testicle
Which muscle is characteristically segmented and gives the ‘six pack’ appearance?
Rectus abdominis
What muscle is, for the most part, the deepest abdominal muscle?
Transversus abdominus
What species has tunica flava?
Horse
What forms the heave line in horses with respiratory issues?
External abdominal oblique
What nerve innervates subscapularis?
Subscapular
What nerve innervates supraspinatus?
Suprascapular
What nerve innervates infraspinatus?
Suprascapular
What nerve innervates cleidobrachialis?
Cleidobrachial
What nerve innervates superficial pectoral?
Cranial pectoral
What nerve innervates coracobrachialis?
Musculocutaneous
What nerve innervates the elbow flexors?
Musculocutaneous
What nerve innervates teres minor?
Axillary
What nerve innervates the shoulder flexors?
Axillary
What nerve innervates deep pectoral?
Caudal pectoral
What nerve innervates serratus ventralis?
Long thoracic
What nerve innervates latissimus dorsi?
Thoracodorsal
What nerve innervates triceps?
Radial
What nerve innervates the carpus extensors?
Radial
What nerve innervates the digit extensors?
Radial
What nerve innervates most carpal flexors?
Median
What nerve innervates most digit flexors?
Median
What nerve innervates flexor carpi ulnaris?
Ulnar
What nerve innervates deep digital flexor ulnar head?
Ulnar
What nerve innervates hindlimb digit extensors?
Fibular
What is the medial palmar digital nerve made up of?
Median nerve fibres
What is the lateral palmar digital nerve made up of?
Median and ulnar nerve fibres
How does the axillary nerve differ in the horse compared to the dog?
In the horse it extends one joint further to reach the carpus
What artery supplies the forelimb flexors?
Ulnar
What artery supplies the forelimb extensors?
Cranial interosseous
What artery supplies the manus?
Caudal interosseous
What makes up the sciatic trunk?
Tibial + fibular
What nerve innervates middle gluteal?
Cranial gluteal
What nerve innervates the hip flexors?
Femoral
What nerve innervates the stifle extensors?
Femoral
What is the long and mainly sensory branch of the femoral nerve?
Saphenous
What nerve innervates adductor?
Obturator
What nerve innervates pectineus?
Obturator
What nerve innervates gracilis?
Obturator
What nerve innervates external obturator?
Obturator
What nerve innervates the medial skin of the thigh?
Genitofemoral
What nerve innervates the hamstrings?
Tibial (sciatic)
What nerve innervates the hock extensor?
Tibial (sciatic)
What nerve innervates the hindlimb digit flexors?
Tibial (sciatic)
What nerve innervates the hock flexors?
Fibular
What side is the azygos on in the dog?
Right
What side is the azygos on in the horse?
Right
What side is the azygos on in the ox?
Left
What side is the azygos on in the pig?
Left
What side is the azygos on in most ruminants?
Right
What are the first vessels that branch off the aorta?
Coronary vessels
How many cusps does the chordae tendinae from one papillary muscle connect to?
2
What lymphocentre drains most of the hindlimbs, rump and pelvis?
Iliac
What species has an additional lymph node in a limb?
Horse
What is the additional lymph node in the horse?
Cubital
Where is the cubital lymph node?
Equine elbow
What tissue is the equine spleen particularly rich in?
Smooth muscle
What are the parts of a rib?
Vertebral part (dorsal 2/3)
Sternal part (ventral 1/3)
What is the first sternebra?
Manubrium
What is the last sternebra?
Xiphisternum
What is the head of a rib called?
Capitulum
Which species has cylindrical sternebrae?
Dog
Which species have flattened sternebrae?
Ruminant
Which species have keeled sternebrae?
Horse
What innervates the diaphragm?
Left and right phrenic nerves
What are the inspiratory muscles?
Diaphragm
Serratus dorsalis cranialis
External intercostals
Levatores costarum
Rectus thoracis
What muscles are involved in forced breathing?
Latissimus dorsi
Deep pectoral
What are the expiratory muscles?
External abdominal oblique
Internal abdominal oblique
Transversus abdominis
Rectus abdominis
Internal intercostals
Retractor costae
Transversus thoracis
Serratus dorsalis caudalis
Iliocostalis
Where are vessels located in relation to the ribs?
Caudal to the rib
What connects the lungs to the mediastinum?
Pulmonary ligament
How does the bovine trachea differ from other species?
Dorsal ‘ridge’ appearance
What large vessels drain into the right atrium?
Caudal vena cava
Azygos vein
Cranial vena cava
Coronary vein
What is hydrothorax?
Fluid in thorax
What is haemothorax?
Blood in thorax
What is chylothorax?
Chyle in thorax
What is pneumothorax?
Air in thorax
What is pyothorax?
Puss in thorax
What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on heart rate?
Increases
What effect does sympathetic stimulation have on the force of cardiac contraction?
Increases
What effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on the force of cardiac contraction?
No direct effect
What effect does parasympathetic stimulation have on heart rate?
Decreases
Where is the junction between foregut and midgut?
First quarter of duodenum
Where is the junction between midgut and hindgut?
Between transverse and ascending colon
What anatomical feature suggests a reason why horses can’t vomit?
Prominent cardiac sphinct
What are rugae?
Folds
What connects the ascending colon and descending duodenum?
Right duodenocolic ligament
What connects the ascending duodenum and descending colon?
Left duodenocolic ligament
What connects the greater curvature of the stomach to the transverse colon?
Gastrocolic ligament
What connects the descending colon to the spleen?
Splenocolic ligament
What attaches the spleen to the stomach?
Gastrosplenic ligament
What is the ventral attachment of the liver?
Falciform ligament
How many taenia does a pig caecum have?
3
What is the sympathetic innervation of the foregut?
Coeliac ganglion
What is the sympathetic innervation of the midgut?
Cranial mesenteric ganglion
What is the sympathetic innervation of the hindgut?
Caudal mesenteric ganglion
What is the parasympathetic innervation of the hindgut?
Pelvic plexus (from sacral outflow)
What is a plexus?
Tangle of nerve fibres with no synapses
What is a ganglion?
A bulge where synapses and cell bodies are located
What is the sympathetic innervation to the foregut?
Dorsal and ventral vagus
What is the sympathetic innervation to the midgut?
Dorsal vagus
What forms the two faecal types of the rabbit?
Fusus coli
What dilates the distal rabbit ileum?
Sacculus rotundus
What is the most proximal part of the ascending colon?
Ampulla caecalis coli
Do rabbits have a gall bladder?
Yes
What separates ingesta in the rabbit?
Ampulla caecalis coli
What supplies blood to the stomach?
Coeliac artery
What shape are bovine reticular cells?
Square
What shape are sheep reticular cells?
Hexagonal
What shape are goat reticular cells?
Pentagonal
What part of the ruminant stomach is involved in water absorption?
Omasum
What makes up the forestomach of a ruminant?
Reticulum
What makes up the proventriculus of a ruminant?
Rumen + omasum
Where do you auscultate the rumen?
Left paralumbar fossa
How many taenia does the equine caecum have?
4
How many taenia does the equine right ventral colon have?
4
How many taenia does the equine left ventral colon have?
4
How many taenia does the equine left dorsal colon have?
2 (1 pelvic flexure, 1 rest of LDC)
How many taenia does the equine right dorsal colon have?
1
How many taenia does the equine transverse colon have?
2
How many taenia does the equine descending colon have?
2
What are the layers of the rumen?
Serosa
Muscularis
Submucosa
Epithelium
Which liver lobe is serrated in the horse?
Quadrate
What is the blood supply to the pancreas?
Pancreaticoduodenal
How is the adrenal innervated?
Sympathetic preganglionic
What species has a terminal recess in the kidney?
Horse
In which species is the left kidney often on the right?
Ox
In which species in the left kidney often not caudal to the right kidney?
Pig
What is the renal sinus?
Pelvis + fat + vessels
What is the renal parenchyme?
Cortex + medulla
What provides motor innervation to the pelvic diaphragm?
Pudendal nerve
What makes up the pelvic diaphragm?
Sacrosciatic ligament
Coccygeus
Levator ani
What can you palpate in the canine abdomen?
Bladder
Descending colon
Kidneys
What can you palpate in the feline abdomen?
Stomach
Liver
Spleen
Bladder
Kidneys
