Muscles Flashcards
What is the origin of cutaneus trunci?
Subcutaneous fascia
What is the insertion of cutaneus trunci?
The skin of the trunk
What is the function of cutaneus trunci?
Twitch the skin
What is cutaneus trunci also known as?
Panniculus
What is the origin of latissimus dorsi?
Spinous process of trunk vertebrae (T7-L7), caudal 2-3 ribs
What is the insertion of latissimus dorsi?
Teres tuberosity (medial) humerus
What is the function of latissimus dorsi?
Retract forelimb
What makes up brachiocephalicus?
Clavicular tendon
Cleidobrachialis
Cleidocervicalis
Cleidomastoideus
What is the function of brachiocephalicus?
Protract forelimb
What is the origin of cleidobrachialis?
Clavicular tendon
What is the insertion of cleidobrachialis?
Cranially on distal 1/3 of humeral shaft
What is the origin of cleidocervicalis?
Cranial half of median raphe of neck
What is the insertion of cleidocervicalis?
Clavicular tendon
What is the origin of cleidomastoideus?
Mastoid surface of exoccipital bone of skull
What is the insertion of cleidomastoideus?
Clavicular tendon
What is the insertion of omotransversarius?
Wing of atlas
What is the origin of omotransversarius?
Distal 1/5 of scapula spine
What is the function of omotransversarius?
Caudal rotator of scapula
What is the origin of cervical trapezius?
Caudal half of dorsal median raphe of neck
What is the insertion of cervical trapezius?
Proximal 4/5 of scapular spine
What is the function of cervical trapezius?
Caudal rotator of scapula
What is the origin of thoracic trapezius?
Dorsal median raphe of thorax (T3-T10)
What is the insertion of thoracic trapezius?
Proximal 1/3 of scapular spine
What is the function of thoracic trapezius?
Caudal rotator of scapula
What is the origin of cervical rhomboid?
Dorsal median raphe of neck C2-T3 and nuchal crest
What is the insertion of cervical rhomboid?
Cranial angle and vertebral border of scapula
What is the function of cervical rhomboid?
Elevate scapula
What is the origin of thoracic rhomboid?
Dorsal median raphe of thorax T4-T7
What is the insertion of thoracic rhomboid?
Caudal angle and vertebral border of scapula
What is the function of thoracic rhomboid?
Elevate scapula
What is the origin of cervical serratus ventralis?
Neck vertebrae (C3-7) costo-transverse processes
What is the insertion of cervical serratus ventralis?
Cranial serrated area of scapula
What is the function of cervical serratus ventralis?
Cranial rotator of scapula
What is the origin of thoracic serratus ventralis?
Individual slips from ribs 1-8
What is the insertion of thoracic serratus ventralis?
Caudal serrated area of scapula
What is the function of thoracic serratus ventralis?
Depressor of forelimb
What is the origin of deep pectoral?
Sternum, more caudally onto ventral midline raphe of abdomen
What is the insertion of deep pectoral?
Lesser tuberosity, with tendinous slips to greater tuberosity
What is the function of deep pectoral?
Adduct forelimb
What is the origin of superficial pectoral?
Sternebrae 1-3
What is the insertion of superficial pectoral?
Cranially on distal 2/3 humeral shaft
What is the function of superficial pectoral?
Adduct forelimb
What two muscles make up the deltoidei?
Spinodeltoideus
Acromiodeltoideus
What is the origin of spinodeltoideus?
Scapula spine
What is the origin of acromiodeltoideus?
Acromion
What is the insertion of spinodeltoideus?
Deltoid tuberosity on lateral humerus
What is the insertion of acromiodeltoideus?
Deltoid tuberosity on lateral humerus
What is the function of spinodeltoideus?
Shoulder flexor
What is the function of acromiodeltoideus?
Shoulder flexor
What is the origin of teres major?
Caudal border of scapula
What is the insertion of teres major?
Summit of greater tuberosity
What is the function of teres major?
Shoulder flexor
What is the origin of supraspinatus?
Supraspinous fossa
What is the insertion of supraspinatus?
Summit of greater tuberosity
What is the function of supraspinatus?
Shoulder extensor
What is the origin of infraspinatus?
Infraspinous fossa
What is the insertion of infraspinatus?
Laterally on greater tuberosity
What is the function of infraspinatus?
Ligamentar shoulder muscle
What is the origin of subscapularis?
Subscapular fossa
What is the insertion of subscapularis?
Lesser tuberosity
What is the function of subscapularis?
Ligamentar shoulder muscle
What is the origin of tensor fasciae antebrachii?
Lateral side of latissimus dorsi, near its insertion
What is the insertion of tensor fascia antebrachii?
Antebrachial fascia and olecranon
What is the function of tensor fasciae antebrachii?
Tense fascia of forelimb
What is the origin of the lateral head of triceps?
Deltoid crest of humerus
What is the origin of the medial head of triceps?
Lesser tuberosity of humerus
What is the origin of the accessory head of triceps?
Neck of humerus
What is the origin of the long head of triceps?
Caudal border of scapula
What is the insertion of the lateral head of triceps?
Olecranon process of ulna
What is the insertion of the accessory head of triceps?
Olecranon process of ulna
What is the insertion of the medial head of triceps?
Olecranon process of ulna
What is the insertion of the long head of triceps?
Olecranon process of ulna
What is the function of the lateral head of triceps?
Elbow extensor
What is the function of the accessory head of triceps?
Elbow extensor
What is the function of the medial head of triceps?
Elbow extensor
What is the function of the long head of triceps?
Elbow extensor
What is the origin of biceps?
Bicipital process of scapula
What is the insertion of biceps?
Dog- ulnar tuberosity of ulna
Cat- radius
What is the function of biceps?
Elbow flexor
What is the origin of brachialis?
Proximally in musculospiral groove
What is the insertion of brachialis?
Ulnar tuberosity of ulna
What is the function of brachialis?
Elbow flexor
What is the origin of extensor carpi radialis?
Lateral supraepicondylar ridge
What is the insertion of extensor carpi radialis?
Tubercles proximally on MC II and MC III
What is the function of extensor carpi radialis?
Carpus extensor
What is the origin of common digital extensor?
Lateral epicondyle
What is the insertion of common digital extensor?
Extensor process of distal phalanx of digits II-V
What is the function of common digital extensor?
Digit extensor
What is the origin of lateral digital extensor?
Lateral epicondyle and collateral ligament
What is the insertion of lateral digital extensor?
Proximally on all phalanges of digits III-V
What is the function of lateral digital extensor?
Digit extensor
What is the origin of ulnaris lateralis?
Lateral epicondyle
What is the insertion of ulnaris lateralis?
Laterally, proximally on MC V
What is the function of ulnaris lateralis?
Not true carpus extensor, carpus flexor in ungulates
What is the origin of extensor carpi obliquus?
Craniolateral on middle 1/2 of ulna
What is the insertion of extensor carpi obliquus?
Proximal MC I
What is the function of extensor carpi obliquus?
Carpus extensor
What is the origin of extensor of digits I and II?
Craniolateral on middle 1/3 of ulna
What is the insertion of extensor of digits I and II?
Distal MC I, proximally on all phalanges of digit II
What is the function of extensor of digits I and II?
Prevent digit I being abducted
What is the origin of flexor carpi ulnaris?
Medial epicondyle, medially on olecranon of ulnar
What is the insertion of flexi carpi ulnaris?
Proximal on palmar aspect of MC IV, V via accessory carpal bone
What is the function of flexi carpi ulnaris?
Carpus flexor
What is the origin of superficial digital flexor?
Medial epicondyle
What is the insertion of superficial digital flexor?
Proximal on two palmar tubercles of phalanx 2 of digits II-V
What is the function of superficial digital flexor?
Digit flexor
What is the origin of deep digital flexor?
Medial humeral epicondyle, proximal 3/4 of caudal border of ulna, middle 1/3 of medial border of radius
What is the insertion of deep digital flexor?
Proximal on palmar aspect of distal phalanx of all digits
What is the function of deep digital flexor?
Digit flexor
What is the origin of flexor carpi radialis?
Medial epicondyle, medial radial shaft
What is the insertion of flexor carpi radialis?
Proximal on palmar aspect of MC II, III
What is the function of flexor carpi radialis?
Carpus flexor
What is the origin of pronator teres?
Medial epicondyle
What is the insertion of pronator teres?
Proximally on radius
What is the function of pronator teres?
Cats + puppies: pronate antebrachium
Dogs: minor elbow flexor
What is the origin of supinator?
Lateral epicondyle
What is the insertion of supinator?
Proximally on radius
What is the function of supinator?
Cats + puppies: supinate antebrachium
Dogs: minor elbow flexor
What is the origin of pronator quadratus?
Interosseous edge of radius
What is the insertion of pronator quadratus?
Interosseous edge of ulna
What is the origin of interosseous?
Proximal end of palmar surface of MCII-V
What are the insertions of interosseous?
Paired tubercles on proximal end of palmar surface of phalanx 1 of digits II-V
Via tendinous slips that pass around digits to extensor tendons of the same digits
What is the function of interosseous?
Flex MCPj
What is the origin of teres minor?
Distally on caudal border of scapula
What is the insertion of teres minor?
Greater tuberosity
What is the function of teres minor?
Capsular shoulder muscle
What is the origin of coracobrachialis?
Coracoid process of scapula
What is the insertion of coracobrachialis?
A line between lesser and teres tuberosities
What is the function of coracobrachialis?
Capsular shoulder muscle
What is the origin of anconeus?
Caudally on lateral supra-epicondylar ridge
What is the insertion of anconeus?
Laterally on olecranon
What is the function of anconeus?
Capsular elbow muscle
What is the origin of tensor fascia latae?
Ventral iliac spine and nearby gluteal fascia
What is the insertion of tensor fascia latae?
Fascia lata
What is the function of tensor fascia latae?
Tense the fascia
What is the origin of superficial gluteal?
Lateral sacrum, Cd1, cranial half of sacrosciatic ligament
What is the insertion of superficial gluteal?
Greater trochanter
(in horses it inserts on the 3rd trochanter)
What is the function of superficial gluteal?
Hip Abduction + Hip Extension
In horses it acts as a hip flexor
What is the origin of middle gluteal?
Wing of ilium
What is the insertion of middle gluteal?
Greater trochanter
What is the function of middle gluteal?
Hip abductor + hip extensor
What is the origin of piriformis?
With superficial gluteal (lateral sacrum, Cd1, cranial half of sacrosciatic ligament)
What is the insertion of piriformis?
With middle gluteal (greater trochanter)
What is the function of piriformis?
Hip abductor + hip extensor
What is the origin of biceps femoris?
Caudal half of sacrosciatic ligament and sciatic tuberosity
What are the insertions of biceps femoris?
Cranial region- laterally on distal femur via fascia lata
Caudal region- laterally on tibial crest
Part of Achilles tendon to tuber calcis
What are the functions of biceps femoris?
Cranial region- hip extensor
Caudal region- stifle flexor
Where does tenuissimus insert?
Laterally on tibial crest with biceps femoris
What is the function of tenuissimus?
Hip extensor
What is the origin of semimembranosus?
Sciatic tuberosity and caudal part of ventral ischium
What are the insertions of semimembranosus?
Medial part- distal medial rough line of femur
Lateral part- medial tibial condyle
What are the functions of semimembranosus?
Medial part- hip extensor
Lateral part- stifle flexor
What is the origin of quadratus femoris?
Caudal part of ventral ischium
What is the insertion of quadratus femoris?
Intertrochanteric ridge
What is the function of quadratus femoris?
Hip extensor
What is the origin of deep gluteal?
Neck of Ilium
What is the insertion of deep gluteal?
Cranially on greater trochanter
What is the function of deep gluteal?
Hip inward rotator
What is the origin of internal obturator?
Medial rim of obturator foramen
What is the insertion of internal obturator?
Over sciatic spine to intertrochanteric fossa
What is the function of internal obturator?
Hip outward rotator
What is the origin of gemelli?
Ventral to sciatic spine
What is the insertion of gemelli?
Intertrochanteric fossa
What is the function of gemelli?
Hip outward rotator
What is the origin of external obturator?
Medial rim of obturator foramen
What is the insertion of external obturator?
Ventral to pelvis to the intertrochanteric fossa
What is the function of external obturator?
Hip outward rotator
What is the origin of adductor?
Ventral surface of pubis, medial half of ventral surface of ischium
What is the insertion of adductor?
Lateral rough line of femur
What is the function of adductor?
Hip adductor
What is the origin of pectineus?
Iliopubic eminence and prepubic tendon
What is the insertion of pectineus?
Distal medial rough line of femur
What is the function of pectineus?
Hip adductor
What is the origin of cranial sartorius?
Iliac crest, cranial ventral iliac spine
What is the insertion of cranial sartorius?
Medially via fascia lata to distal femur and patella
What is the function of cranial sartorius?
Hip flexor
What two muscles make up ilio-psoas?
Iliacus
Psoas major
What is the origin of iliacus?
Ventral neck of ilium
What is the origin of psoas major?
Transverse processes of last four lumbar vertebrae
What is the insertion of ilio-psoas?
Lesser trochanter
What is the insertion of iliacus?
Lesser trochanter
What is the insertion of psoas major?
Lesser trochanter
What is the function of ilio-psoas?
Hip flexor
What is the function of iliacus?
Hip flexor
What is the function of psoas major?
Hip flexor
What is the origin of semitendinosus?
Sciatic tuberosity
What are the insertions of semitendinosus?
Distally on medial tibial crest
Part of Achilles tendon to tuber calcis
What is the function of semitendinosus?
Stifle flexor
What muscles make up the hamstrings?
Biceps femoris
Semimembranosus
Semitendinosus
What is the origin of gracilis?
Pelvic symphysis
What are the insertions of gracilis?
Middle of medial tibial crest
Part of Achilles tendon to tuber calcis
What is the function of gracilis?
Stifle flexor
What is the origin of caudal sartorius?
Cranial ventral iliac spine
What is the insertion of caudal sartorius?
Proximally on medial tibial crest
What is the function of caudal sartorius?
Stifle flexor
What muscles make up quadriceps femoris?
Rectus femoris
Vastus lateralis
Vastus intermedius
Vastus medialis
What is the origin of rectus femoris?
Rounded eminence craniodorsal to the acetabulum
What is the origin of vastus lateralis?
Proximally on lateral rough line
What is the origin of vastus intermedius?
Proximally on cranial shaft of femur
What is the origin of vastus medialis?
Proximally on medial rough line
What is the insertion of quadriceps femoris?
Tibial tuberosity
What is the insertion of rectus femoris?
Tibial tuberosity
What is the insertion of vastus lateralis?
Tibial tuberosity
What is the insertion of vastus intermedius?
Tibial tuberosity
What is the insertion of vastus medialis?
Tibial tuberosity
What is the function of quadriceps femoris?
Stifle extensor
What is the function of rectus femoris?
Stifle extensor
What is the function of vastus lateralis?
Stifle extensor
What is the function of vastus intermedius?
Stifle extensor
What is the function of vastus medialis?
Stifle extensor
What is the origin of popliteus?
Fossa on lateral condyle of femur
What is the insertion of popliteus?
Medial side of caudal aspect of tibia
What is the function of popliteus?
Stifle inward rotator
What is the origin of gastrocnemius?
Medial and lateral popliteal surface of femur
What is the insertion of gastrocnemius?
Tuber calcis
What is the function of gastrocnemius?
Hock extensor
What is the origin of superficial digital flexor in the hindlimb?
Popliteal surface of femur, deep to the lateral head of gastrocnemius
What is the insertion of superficial digital flexor in the hindlimb?
Proximal plantar surface of P2 of all digits
What are the origins of deep digital flexor in the hindlimb?
Medial popliteal surface of tibia
Lateral popliteal surface of tibia
What is the insertion of deep digital flexor in the hindlimb?
Proximal plantar surface of P3 of all digits
What is the origin of caudal tibial?
Proximal fibula and adjacent caudal tibia
What is the insertion of caudal tibial?
Capsule of hock, especially medially
What is the function of caudal tibial?
Capsular hock muscle
What is the origin of cranial tibial?
Lateral side of tibial crest, muscular groove
What is the insertion of cranial tibial?
Proximomedially on MT II
What is the function of cranial tibial?
Hock flexor
What is the origin of long digital extensor?
Fossa on lateral condyle of femur
What is the insertion of long digital extensor?
Extensor tubercles on P3 of all digits
What is the function of long digital extensor?
Digit extensor
What is the origin of fibularis longus?
Proximal fibula and lateral tibial condyle
What is the insertion of fibularis longus?
Plantar aspect of proximal ends of MT II-IV via larger lateral groove in lateral malleolus
What is the function of fibularis longus?
Hock flexor
What is the origin of lateral digital extensor in the hindlimb?
Proximal 1/3 of fibula
What is the insertion of lateral digital extensor in the hindlimb?
Long digital extensor tendon at P1 in digit V via smaller caudal groove of lateral malleolus
What is the origin of fibularis brevis?
Fleshy belly applied to middle 1/3 of fibula
What is the insertion of fibularis brevis?
Dorsoproximally on MT V via smaller caudal groove in lateral malleolus
What is the origin of short digital extensor?
Dorsal aspect of fibular tarsal
What is the insertion of short digital extensor?
Long digital extensor tendon at P1 in digits II-IV
What is the function of short digital extensor?
Digit extensor
What is the origin of capsularis coxae?
On same protuberance as rectus femoris
What is the insertion of capsularis coxae?
Neck of femur
What is the function of capsularis coxae?
Hip capsular muscle
What is the origin of popliteus?
Fossa on lateral condyle of femur
What is the insertion of popliteus?
Medial side of caudal aspect of tibia
What is the function of popliteus?
Stifle inward rotator
Where does the nuchal ligament insert in the dog?
C2 (Axis)
What are the two portions of the nuchal ligament in the ox and the horse?
Funicular
Lamellar
What is the origin of external abdominal oblique?
Middle of last 7 ribs in a serrated line via superficial lumbodorsal fascia to neural spines
What is the insertion of external abdominal oblique?
Linea alba
What direction are the muscle fibres of external abdominal oblique?
Dorsocranially to Ventrocaudally
What is the origin of internal abdominal oblique?
Superficial lumbodorsal fascia, tuber coxae and upper half of inguinal ligament
What is the insertion of internal abdominal oblique?
Costal arch, aponeurosis fuses with that of external abdominal oblique to pass superficial to rectus abdominis to linea alba
What direction are the muscle fibres of internal abdominal oblique?
Dorsocaudally to ventrocranially
What is the function of the cremaster muscle?
Elevate the testicles
What does the cremaster form from?
A small slip of internal abdominal oblique
What is the origin of rectus abdominis?
Broad flat tendon from rib 1 and adjacent sternum
What is the insertion of rectus abdominis?
Prepubic tendon
What direction are the muscle fibres of rectus abdominis?
Cranio-caudal
Which muscle is segmented and gives the ‘6-pack’ appearance of the ‘abs’?
Rectus abdominis
What is the origin of transverse abdominis?
Costal cartilages 8-11, ribs 12-13 medially, L1-L7 transverse processes via deep l-d fascia, tuber coxae
What is the insertion of transverse abdominis?
Aponeurosis to linea alba
What direction are the muscle fibres of transverse abdominis?
Dorsolaterally to ventromedially
What muscle forms the ‘heave line’ in horses with respiratory issues?
External abdominal oblique
What innervates subscapularis?
Subscapular nerve
What innervates supraspinatus?
Suprascapular nerve
What innervates infraspinatus?
Suprascapular nerve
What innervates cleidobrachialis?
Cleidobrachial nerve
What innervates superficial pectoral?
Cranial pectoral nerve
What innervates coracobrachialis?
Musculocutaneous nerve
What innervates biceps?
Musculocutaneous nerve
What innervates brachialis?
Musculocutaneous nerve
What innervates the elbow flexors?
Musculocutaneous nerve
What innervates teres minor?
Axillary nerve
What innervates the shoulder flexors?
Axillary nerve
What innervates teres major?
Axillary nerve
What innervates spinodeltoideus?
Axillary nerve
What innervates acromiodeltoideus?
Axillary nerve
What innervates latissimus dorsi?
Thoracodorsal nerve
What innervates triceps?
Radial nerve
What innervates deep pectoral?
Caudal pectoral nerve
What innervates serratus ventralis?
Long thoracic nerve from hypaxial ramus of C7
What innervates carpus extensors?
Radial nerve
What innervates digit extensors?
Radial nerve
What innervates extensor carpi radialis?
Radial nerve
What innervates common digital extensor?
Radial nerve
What innervates lateral digital extensor?
Radial nerve
What innervates ulnaris lateralis?
Radial nerve
What innervates extensor carpi obliquus?
Radial nerve
What innervates extensor of digits I and II?
Radial nerve
What innervates most carpus flexors?
Median nerve
What innervates most digit flexors?
Median nerve
What innervates flexor carpi ulnaris?
Ulnar nerve
What innervates deep digital flexor ulnar head?
Ulnar nerve
What innervates superficial digital flexor?
Median nerve
What innervates flexor carpi radialis?
Median nerve
What innervates deep digital flexor radial head?
Median nerve
Where does the axillary nerve extend to in the horse?
One joint further than the dog, reaching the carpus
Where does the musculocutaneous nerve extend to in the horse?
One joint further than the dog, reaching the fetlock
What artery supplies the forelimb flexors?
Ulnar
What two nerves make up the sciatic trunk?
Tibial
Fibial
What innervates deep gluteal?
Cranial gluteal nerve
What innervates middle gluteal?
Cranial gluteal nerve
What innervates superficial gluteal?
Caudal gluteal nerve
What innervates internal obturator?
Sciatic (fibular)
What innervates gemelli?
Sciatic (fibular)
What innervates semimembranosus?
Hamstring branch of sciatic nerve
What innervates semitendinosus?
Hamstring branch of sciatic nerve
What innervates biceps femoris?
Hamstring branch of sciatic nerve
What innervates the hamstrings?
Hamstring branch of sciatic nerve
What innervates the hip flexors?
Femoral nerve
What innervates the stifle extensors?
Femoral nerve
What innervates ilio-psoas?
Femoral nerve
What innervates iliacus?
Femoral nerve
What innervates psoas major?
Femoral nerve
What innervates cranial sartorius?
Femoral nerve
What innervates quadriceps femoris?
Femoral nerve
What innervates rectus femoris?
Femoral nerve
What innervates vastus lateralis?
Femoral nerve
What innervates vastus intermedius?
Femoral nerve
What innervates vastus medialis?
Femoral nerve
What innervates adductor?
Obturator nerve
What innervates pectineus?
Obturator nerve
What innervates gracilis?
Obturator nerve
What innervates external obturator?
Obturator nerve
What nerve provides motor innervation to the cremaster muscle in males and sensory innervation to some of the medial thigh?
Genitofemoral nerve
What innervates gastrocnemius?
Tibial nerve
What innervates the hock extensors?
Tibial nerve
What innervates the digit flexors of the hindlimb?
Tibial nerve
What innervates superficial digital flexor in the hindlimb?
Tibial nerve
What innervates deep digital flexor in the hindlimb?
Tibial nerve
What innervates the hock flexors?
Fibular nerve
What innervates the digit extensors of the hindlimb?
Fibular nerve
What innervates cranial tibial?
Fibular nerve
What innervates long digital extensor?
Fibular nerve
What innervates fibularis longus?
Fibular nerve
What innervates lateral digital extensor in the hindlimb?
Fibular nerve
What innervates fibularis brevis?
Fibular nerve
What innervates short digital extensor?
Fibular nerve
What are the origins of the diaphragm?
Ventral- xiphisternum
Lateral- on ribs 8-13
Dorsal- via crura to lumbar centra 3-4 (only L3 on left)
What is the insertion of the diaphragm?
Central tendon
What is the origin of serratus dorsalis cranialis?
Lumbodorsal fascia near dorsal midline of cranial thoracic region
What is the insertion of serratus dorsalis cranialis?
Dorsally on ribs 3-9
What is the function of serratus dorsalis cranialis?
Inspiratory muscle
What are the muscle fibres that run between ribs?
External intercostals
Internals intercostals
What is the origin of rectus thoracis?
Laterally on rib 1
What is the insertion of rectus thoracis?
Aponeurosis to rectus abdominis over sternal portions of ribs 2-4
What is the origin of retractor costae?
Transverse processes L1-4
What is the insertion of retractor costae?
Last rib
What is the function of retractor costae?
Expiration/retract ribs
What is the origin of transversus thoracis?
Dorsally on sternum
What is the insertion of transversus thoracis?
Sternal portions of sternal ribs
What is the origin of serratus dorsalis caudalis?
Lumbodorsal fascia near dorsal midline of cranial lumbar region
What is the insertion of serratus dorsalis caudalis?
Dorsally on ribs 11-13
What is the origin psoas minor?
Centra of T11-L4
What is the insertion of psoas minor?
Ilium
What is the origin of quadratus lumborum?
With psoas major, plus rib 13 and lumbar transverse processes
What is the insertion of quadratus lumborum?
Lumbar vertebrae and ilium
What is the origin of coccygeus?
Sciatic spine
What is the insertion of coccygeus?
Transverse processes Cd2-4
What is the origin of levator ani?
Internal aspect of symphysis and ilium shaft
What is the insertion of levator ani?
blends with external anal sphincter before inserting on Cd7 haemal arch
What innervates coccygeus?
Pudendal nerve
What is the main spinal flexor?
Rectus abdominus
What innervates piriformis?
Cranial gluteal nerve
