stats?

Question 1

linear regression analysis:
b

Answer 1

b=the slope of the line of best fit in raw units; describes relation between predictor and criterion variable (ie: a 1 unit increase in x is associated with an increase of b in y) controlling for other predictors

Question 2

beta

Answer 2

Beta=similar to b, but after all variables have been forced onto the same metric

Question 3

p value

Answer 3

p=likelihood that we obtained this result by chance (the results are not real- its simply luck/chance that we got this result; interpreted by multiplying it by 100%

Question 4

Memetic View

Answer 4

A meme is similar to a gene

Although cultural evolution happens quickly, it happens in similar ways as biological evolution

Meme is a “unit of cultural transmission” which propagates itself “by imitation”

A meme may be of any size, randing from a single word to a complex behavioral pattern

Question 5

Memes (process of cultural evolution) evolve in similar process as those involved in genetic evolution IN 3 WAYS:

Answer 5

1)replication
2)variation
3)selection

Question 6

1)Replication:

Answer 6

A meme is copied through imitation
Imitation allows for vertical, horizontal, and oblique transmission, making meme replication very rapid
Memes are high in fecundity-spreads rapidly

Question 7

2)Variation

Answer 7

When a meme undergoes mutation (ie modification through misinterpretation) or recombination (2 or more memes combined)

New memes are produced in this manner, leading to “innovations”

Both mutation and recombination are common in transmission of memes, so memes are high in fidelity(copied exactly) at first, then low over time (when people understand the meme and use it in their way)

Question 8

3)Selection

Answer 8

When different memes have different rates of retention in memory

Those that are retained more likely to be spread to others

Memes more likely to be retained if they are associated with:

~survival/reproductive advantage
~Economic advantage
~Positive affect (ie stay happy, stay positive)
~Fear
~Easy communicability

Question 9

Socialization experience
28 weeks (around 7 months)

Answer 9

fetus starts reliable response to acoustic stimulation (fetus has developed good acoustic system to be able to respond to it)

Question 10

Background noise (noise floor):

Answer 10

Fetus is surrounded by background noise including maternal respiration, maternal organ activity (respiration and intestinal), maternal physical activity

Other factors obscuring perception of external sounds:
~Tissues and fluids surrounding fetal head
~Route of sound transmission into fetal inner ear
~Sensitivity of fetal hearing mechanisms

Question 11

In order for intelligible speech to reach the fetus

Answer 11

it must surpass background noise and other factors obscuring speech (similar to being underwater)

Question 12

sleep=biological necessity
but..

Answer 12

But parameters of sleep not universal

Asian babies sleep less than western babies (except for vietnam) with an avg difference of 1.5 hours
Japanese babies sleep the least

Question 13

Comparing cultural backgrounds

Answer 13

European babies sleep longer than asian babies

Asian babies have higher sleep latency (takes longer for them to fall asleep) than european babies

Asian babies have higher sleep problems than european babies

Question 14

Sleep problem questions

Answer 14

Subjective ratings: especially problematic with cross-cultural comparisons
What constitutes sleep problems
Lack of objective definitions-cross culturally applicable of sleep problems

Question 15

Differing views on infant co sleeping/sleeping alone

Answer 15

European children are more likely to sleep alone, asians children more likely to sleep in parents room or the parents bed

Some say co sleeping with parents is better promotes infant and parent bonding and easier to breastfeeding

Some people say cosleeping with baby is just as dangerous

Question 16

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)

Evidence for dangers of co-sleeping:

Answer 16

Majority of sudden and unexpected infant deaths during sleep occurred outside of crib

Bed sharing associated with 5 times higher likelihood of SIDS

Co sleeping may be associated with thermal stress (infants are bad at regulating body temp, they have too much body heat), airway obstruction, or rebreathing of parental expired air

Question 17

Evidence against the dangers of co-sleeping:

Answer 17

As co sleeping has increased significantly over time, SIDS death in the parental bed have significantly decreased

Risk factor are not causes - association of co sleeping and SIDS most commonly found in conjunction with other factors

Cultures that do more co sleeping actually have fewer SIDS cases than cultures that do less co sleeping

The percentage of cultures that have more bed sharing have the lowest SIDS rate

Question 18

Recommendations for co sleeping:

Answer 18

No smoking, alcohol, or drug use around the baby in bed or for adults before going to bed

Babies should be placed on their backs

Mattress should be stiff, bed sheets should be tight, beds should not have cracks or crevices

Babies should not be able to fall into crevices, get stuck in mattress, get rolled in sheets

Avoid couches. Don’t let them sleep on couches.

Question 19

Baumrind broke down parenting into two primary dimensions:

Answer 19

responsiveness and demandingness

Question 20

Responsiveness (baumrind)

Answer 20

degree of warmth, support, and acceptance vs parental rejection and non responsiveness

Question 21

Baumrind’s typology:

Answer 21

Authoritative: High demand and high responsiveness
Child centered, high expectations, focused on child’s emotional regulation

Authoritarian: high demand and low responsiveness: high demands, strict rules, little open dialogue

Permissive: low demand, high response: few rules, limits, and controle

Rejecting-neglecting: low response, low demand: disengaged, not supportive, no limits or monitoring, focused on own needs

Question 22

Demandingness:

Answer 22

degree to which parents are controlling and demanding

Question 23

Western research consistently arrives at one finding

Answer 23

authoritative perceived parental warmth and acceptance, autonomy, self-reliance, better school achievement

Question 24

Non-western parenting styles

Answer 24

Typology does not take into account parenting styles that exist in other cultures

Question 25

Jiao xun (chinese)

Answer 25

parenting style component that focuses on training child to be good members of society at significant costs to oneself

Question 26

Authoritarian parenting style effects across culture:

Answer 26

Instills fear from European American children

Trains assertiveness in african american children

Bad for academics for european american children, not for other ethnic minority children

Question 27

Authoritative
effects across cultures

Answer 27

Good for academics for european american children, no such relation for other ethnic minority children

Question 28

Further complications: parents with different parenting styles

Answer 28

Hispanic fathers often less responsive than hispanic mothers

Chinese fathers often less responsive than chinese mothers (some reversal over time)

Question 29

Noun bias

Answer 29

children’s tendency to think more about, and in terms of, nouns relative to other types of words (verbs)

Question 30

is noun bias universal?

Answer 30

childrens emphasis on nouns is the same everywhere IS WRONG

Instead, yes children do emphasis more on nouns but the emphasis varies by culture

Question 31

Culturally variability in noun bias

Answer 31

noun bias is biased towards language that are noun-biased

Ie: in english the object is in more salient position (a more noun biased language), in korean the verb is in a salient position