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9/27 Flashcards

1
Q

Plasticity:

A

we are malleable and able to adapt to new things and learn new things

Ie as a university student you can take many diff classes

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2
Q

Specificity

A

choosing specific aspects to focus on (very well honed to specific things)

Ie as a uni student you can take many classes in one department and be very informed in one aspect

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3
Q

One issue of specificity is what if you choose something that is harmful to you and Plasticity takes a lot of energy and resources

A

Solution: we should exhibit plasticity around birth to adulthood, after that phase we start to be specific, our brain can start pruning unnecessary information and reserve that energy

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4
Q

Sensitive period for language is around

A

adolescence

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5
Q

As children age in school, they have to deal with:

A

More complex relationships
More independence
Bigger classrooms
More workload

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6
Q

immigrant children

A

Immigrant children have to deal with the above list and a lot more issues

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7
Q

Heritage identification

A

Parental involvement is a positive association to heritage identification

Encouraging heritage language maintenance is a positive association to heritage identification

Mainstream language spoken at home is a negative association to heritage identification

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8
Q

Mainstream identification

A

Parents encouraging mainstream adoption is a positive association to mainstream identification

Encouraging heritage language maintenance is a negative association to mainstream identification

Mainstream language at home is positively associated with mainstream identification

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9
Q

Heritage identification and mainstream identification influence psychological outcomes and cultural competence

A
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10
Q

Microsystem

A

People that are closest to the child

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11
Q

proximal process

A

people closest to child will also interact with each other

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12
Q

Mesosystem

A

Collection of proximal process

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13
Q

Child’s acculturation are affected by microsystem, and the people in the microsystem are also affected by others in the microsystem

A
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14
Q

When determining whether some cultural variable shapes some aspect of psychology we look at a culture that is

A

high in one variable vs a culture that is low in that same variable

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15
Q

If the goal is to see universatily of aspect of psychology

A

Ie: sea foragers vs highly industrialized society with different merit system etc…
~~~If there is something similar between them, then the factor should be universal

For example kinship is universal (seen everywhere: heavily industrialized society, communist societies, etc)

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16
Q

We generate research ideas using different approaches

A

Deduction:
Induction:
Abduction:

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17
Q

deduction

A

general to specific

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18
Q

deduction example

A

1)Theory: overarching framework that organizes and explains phenomena and data
Generates hypothesis that test boundaries of the theory

2)Theories have a hypothesis: a tentative statement about a relationship that may/may not be true

3)Prediction: specific statement regarding the expected outcomes of a study

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19
Q

induction

A

sepcific->general

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20
Q

induction example

A

Observation-> hypothesis-> theory/general expectation

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21
Q

induction example

A

Observation: every time i eat peanuts my throat swells

Hypothesis: the next time i eat peanuts my throat will continue to swell up

Theory: every time anyone eats peanuts, their throats will swell up

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22
Q

abduction

A

choosing the most likely explanation for an observation(Explaining one observation and that’s all)

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23
Q

abduction example

A

Observation: patient presents with shortness of breath, headache, fatigue

What happened:
Anemia, covid, vitamin b12 deficiency, SARS, acute stress

Out of all the things that could cause these symptoms we are looking for the most likely explanation

Might see this in legal justice system: prosecutor showing the evidence, defense trying to analyze the evidence

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24
Q

Text, narrative, personal experience

A

qualitative type of data

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25
Q

numerical

A

quantitative type of data

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26
Q

to describe

A

qualitative goal

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27
Q

To identify social regularities

A

quantitiatve goal

28
Q

Typically inductive (specific -> general)

A

qualitative type of research

29
Q

Typically deductive (general-> specific)

A

quantitative

30
Q

Unstructured(free flowing conversation, no preparation) or semi-structured (series of questions prepared, but if something interesting comes up, there is room for discussion)

A

qualitative

31
Q

Structured (specific questions and answers you’re looking for)

A

quantitative

32
Q

sample size is small

A

qualitative

33
Q

sample size is large

A

quantitative

34
Q

large quantity of information per participant

A

qualitative research

35
Q

Variable quantity (numerical data, easier to sift through)

A

quantitive

36
Q

type of analysis: Interpretation

A

qualitative research

37
Q

statistical analyses (type of analysis)

A

quantitative research

38
Q

Depends (on sampling technique)
Random sampling: good generalizability
Sampling just your friends: not as generalizable

A

qualitative

39
Q

generalizability: depends(on sampling technique)

A

quantitative

40
Q

Explicit measure:

A

Asking participants to directly report their thoughts and emotions
Ie self report questions

41
Q

Implicit measures

A

Measures attitudes over which participants have no conscious control

Ie: Ease of making associations

Ie: implicit associations task

42
Q

Behavioral measures

A

Actual behaviors related to conceptual dependent variable

Ie: among of food eaten

43
Q

Neurological measures

A

Uses neuroimaging techniques to determine neurological changes and role of neural structures

Ie fMRI

44
Q

Physiological measures

A

Bodies automatic reactions to stimuli, excluding changes in brain

Ie: Galvanic skin response

45
Q

quantitative measures

A

explicit, implicit, behavioral, neurological, physiological, surveys

46
Q

Response biases

A

systematic tendency to respond to questionnaire items on some basis other than the specific item content-> threatens validity of cross-cultural comparison

47
Q

Psychological surveys often done using

A

number scales

48
Q

Moderacy bias:

A

people from one cultural group tend to choose the middle option (moderate option)

Doesn’t want to express extreme positions on either end (East asian participants )

49
Q

Extremity bias

A

if you feel one option, you choose the extreme (if you agree, you choose strongly agree)
Hispanic participants

50
Q

One solution to bias

A

Use yes/no questions
Forced choice questions
Ie: What would you rather eat for breakfast?
~~~Hot oatmeal or lumpia

What are some drawbacks of doing it this way? You cant see the variability in answers

Someones could feel more strongly about their yes than another person who answered yes

51
Q

Quantitative methodology:
Socially desirable responding:

A

giving a response that is more socially appropriate rather than their actual behavior

52
Q

socially desirable responding

A

Participants who have E asian background are more likely to give socially desirable response

Ethnic minority groups in US (african americans, asian americans, and hispanic americans) are more likely to engage in socially desirable responding than are European americans

53
Q

Solutions for socially desirable responding:

A

1)Administer questionnaire anonymously, ensure anonymity

2)use separate measure to assess participant’s tendency to engage in desirable responding

54
Q

socially desirable responding occur in 2 different motivations:

A

1)Self deception :people are lying to themselves
~~Data from countries of Western people have self deception as motivation for socially desirable responding

2)image management: they want to respond in a way that is positive to look good for others
~~Data from E asian have image management as the motivation for socially desirable responding

55
Q

Qualitative data

A

1)You want to understand the culture you are assessing
~~It is important for the researchers when they work with people from a different background to understand the norms/practices of the culture

56
Q

Research design (qualitative data)

A

Researchers must understand norms and practices of other cultural environments

Risk conclusions based on faulty information and assumptions if you dont

57
Q

research design (qualitative method) are accomplished through

A

ethnographies(immersing yourself in a culture to closely observe), international collaboration (collaborators can educate you on the culture youre assessing)

58
Q

Field research

A

Cultural psychologists go into the field to examine human psychology

~~Collect data in the field about research questions
~~field=anywhere not in the lab

59
Q

Ethnography

A

comprehensive collection of data and knowledge about a particular cultural group

60
Q

Indigenous people’s research

A

Indigenous research methodologies make heavier use of qualitative methodologies than current mainstream academia

Cultural practice of oral tradition-> greater familiarity with expressing qualitatively
~~Storytelling from elders (transferring of information)

61
Q

Focus groups:

A

~~unstructured/semi-structured (venue for participants to share their thoughts)

~~Allow for natural interactions among participants

~~Assertive speakers may dominate groups

62
Q

Talking circles (more indigenous)

A

~~Participants treats everyone else with equal respect

~~One person speaks at a time

~~Symbolizes sharing, respect, continuous compassion for each other

63
Q

Indigenous research not found

A

~~Mainstream psychology’s reliance on quantitative methods- indigenous knowledge receives little recognition (because they use more qualitative methods)

Many psychologists are not trained in interpreting qualitative data and results

~~Few indigenous researchers (vs non indigenous)

~~Not enough people producing indigenous knowledge

~~No appreciation or recognition of indigenous methodologies

64
Q

Two-eyed seeing approach (created by dr.cheryl bartlett, elder murdena marshall, and elder albert marshall)

A

Mixing western research methods with indigenous worldviews (specifically Mi’kmaq)

Western science, especially STEM AND psychology, with tools for breaking down and isolating mechanisms

Indigenous ways of knowing emphasize relationships and patterns across generations throughout ancestral history (passed down stories from generation to generation)

Involves partnerships between communities, elders, and western trained scientists

65
Q

Amalgamating methods:
cultural products

A

forms of communication, created by people within a cultural environment that reflect the overall psychology of the people in a cultural environment

~Looking at the general consensus over a cultural product

~Assumes the general opinion of people in a cultural group

Ie: do people like liam hemsworth?
We can see how often he shows up in posters, ads, etc..

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