9/11

Question 1

Color blind approach

Answer 1

Emphasize similarities between cultures and ignore cultural differences

Question 2

Multicultural approach

Answer 2

Appreciate and recognize differences

Question 3

Caution about culture

Answer 3

1)people from different places are not fundamentally different
2)culture is not something one is born with, but something one learns to have
3)culture is not a biological concept and cultural differences are not necessarily biological differences

Question 4

Cultural majority (more power)

Answer 4

Endorse color blindness

Color blindness leads to dislike of minorities with strong ethnic identity

If high in prejudice initially, multiculturalism leads to worse interactions (reverse is true of low in prejudice

Question 5

Cultural minorities

Answer 5

Prefer multiculturalism

Under color blindness, more mentally taxing to hide/downplay identity

Under multiculturalism, able to show greater ethnic identification, less perception of threat

Question 6

Cross cultural psyc Similarities with cultural psycholgy

Answer 6

Both deal with the role of cultural processes on various aspects of human psyc

Question 7

Cross cultural psyc Differences with cultural psychology

Answer 7

CCP compares across numerous cultures, looks for differences and universals

Question 8

Sociology Similarities with cultural psyc

Answer 8

Both deal with the relationship between one’s cultural environment and one’s mental processes

Question 9

Sociology Differences with cultural psyc

Answer 9

Focus is on large and abstract societal structures (ie: social classes, government institutions), heavier use of qualitative measures

Question 10

Multicultural psychology
similarities with culture psyc

Answer 10

Both involve studying how culture affects psychology at both individual and social levels

Question 11

multicultural differences with culture psyc

Answer 11

Focus is on how people of different cultural backgrounds interact with each other within the context of one geopolitical context (usually a country)

Question 12

Evoked culture

Answer 12

Humans have biologically encoded database of behaviors->activated in certain environmental conditions

Not taught, things you just do when environmental conditions are right

Question 13

evoked culture example

Answer 13

When your in an environment with pathogens, your body will engage in behavior to protect yourself from pathogens

People will have lower extraversion and openness-> less interaction with strangers->less exposure to new pathogens

Question 14

Transmitted culture

Answer 14

People learn about cultural practices through social learning or modeling

Question 15

Cultural transmission

Answer 15

transfer and acquisition of cultural information through social learning

3 types: vertical, horizontal, oblique

Question 16

Vertical transmission

Answer 16

parents teaching cultural information to their children (top down)

Parents spend tremendous amount of time with children, children are strapped to parent, during this time cultural transmission happens

Question 17

Horizontal transmission

Answer 17

passing on of cultural information between peers, usually people of same generation

seen in large scale societies bc a lot children coming together in one space (play groups)

Question 18

Oblique Transmission:

Answer 18

Passing on of cultural information from someone from an older generation to someone from a younger generation

e:grandparents, teachers, people watching TV shows

Common in ALL societies

Small scale societies

Question 19

problem with Vertical, horizontal, and oblique transmission modeled after animals

Answer 19

assumes that its always top down, always parents/teachers teaching kids things
But the reverse can be true

Question 20

Agents of cultural transmission

Answer 20

biological parents, adoptive parents, siblings, extended family members, teachers, unrelated same age peers, telecommunications

Question 21

Hunter gatherer societies

Answer 21

emphasis on vertical transmission in the beginning of life because parents take their babies everywhere

When children turn 5 pass toddler, they transition to horizontal transmission and oblique transmission

Question 22

Industrialized societies

Answer 22

start off with primarily vertical transmission

Then transition to horizontal and oblique transmission

BUT Much higher levels of oblique transmission earlier off with industrialized societies compared to hunter gatherer societies because of exposure to media

Question 23

Important cognitive tools that facilitate cultural transmission

Answer 23

~Language
~Theory of mind

Question 24

Language

Answer 24

Form of communication between individuals that can be used to convey ideas

Complex language is unique to humans

Animal “language” might mutate, but do not become more cumulative, complex, or generative

Necessary for transmission of culture

Question 25

Theory of mind

Answer 25

Understanding that others have different beliefs, thoughts, and perspectives than oneself

When achieving theory of mind it is a revolution in cognitive skills

Not born with theory of mind; but developed throughout childhood

social interaction and playing with others help develop theory of mind

Question 26

Tomasallo’s theory of cultural learning

Answer 26

Theory of mind enables humans to engage in unique, species-specific forms of leaning

Humans can understand another person’s perspective, but other species are not able to

Different forms of learning emerge at distinct developmental stages, each involving a resolution in cognitive tools (more sophisticated theory ofmind)

Question 27

Birth-9 months

Answer 27

Infants begin to show interest in objects

Focus is primarily on objects

No attention paid to the intention of the teacher

Primarily seens among infants and nonhuman primates

Example: you open a jar by twisting in front of baby, when you give them the jar they know that it can open and will try everything they can to open jar

Question 28

9 months-4 years

Answer 28

Recognise others as “intentional agents” (people with independent intentions/goals)

Perspective taking, gaze following, and joint attentional interactions

True cultural transmission emerges
engaging in imitative learning

Learner learns goal direction behavioral strategies associated with object

Learners over-imitate models

In order to fulfill the goal of the model

Focus of fulfilling goal of the model

Question 29

Imitative learning is likely when:

Answer 29

Demonstrator is:
1)Warm and nurturing
2)An authority figure

Demonstrate has been rewarded for their behavior (vicarious learning)

Situation is ambiguous or unfamiliar

Learner has been rewarded for previous imitative learner (if you have been rewarded by copying others)

Question 30

4 years-6 years of age

Answer 30

learner recognizes others as mental agents- have independent thoughts, but may/may not be correct

false belief tasks-tasks that asses a childs ability to infer that someone else has mistaken beliefs

learner engages in deception

Learner starts referring to mental states of others (ie: “he thinks that fish is yummy”)

Engages in instructed learning

Learner receives explicit instructions on how to behave in specific contexts

Learner internalizes instructions, regulates own behavior in the future in similar context with intersubjective dialogue

intersubjective dialogue-parents teach their children explicit instructions, but the child wants to disobey but complies because they remember instructions from parent

Question 31

6-7 years of age

Answer 31

Children recognize others as “reflective agents” (people who can reflect on other’s beliefs) (“She thinks that I think that…”)

Children think about others thoughts about them, or simulate POV of some “hypothetical other” (“People might think that…”)

Engage in collaborative learning, which entails transactive discussions with each other and joint planning

Allows for the co-creation of new cultural information
~~~Ie: Children figuring out how to open a locked box together

Key for developing moral reasoning skills