Statistics, Bioethics, Study Design

Question 1

Test used to compare means of more than two different treatment groups (so three or more) to evaluate for statistical difference

Answer 1

ANOVA (Analysis of Variance)

Question 2

How do you calculate absolute risk reduction (ARR)?

Answer 2

1) Experimental event rate (rate of illness in active treatment) MINUS the control event rate
2) OR 1/NNT

Question 3

Explain how you would interpret an ARR (aka risk difference [RD]) of 0.1 vs. 0.2

Answer 3

If the ARR were 0.1 (or 10%), this means that if 100 people were treated, 10 would be prevented from developing adverse outcomes. This would change to 20 people if the ARR were 0.2.

Question 4

What is the Pygmalion effect?

Answer 4

Phenomenon where people tend to perform to the expectations placed on them

Question 5

What is the study that analyzes a population (or a representative subset) at a single point in time? What is it used to assess?

Answer 5

1) Cross-sectional study
2) Disease incidence and prevalence

Question 6

What is the Hawthorne effect?

Answer 6

A type of reactivity in which study participants change their behavior for no other reason besides knowing they are being studied

Question 7

What study design analyzes a known outcome by looking back in time to assess exposure?

Answer 7

Case-control study

Question 8

What study design follows a group of individuals over time without a disease to determine the risk of developing a disease?

Answer 8

Cohort study