Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

My EPPP Flashcards > Statistics and Research > Flashcards

Statistics and Research Flashcards

1
Q

Research

A

Classified as:

  • Qualitative (relies on unstructured or non-numerical data)
  • Quantitative (experimental or non-experimental - relies on numerical data)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Analogue Study

A

Conditions are in some way an analogue (approximation) of actual clinical practice.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Variables

A

Behaviors/Characteristics that vary from one person to another and from one situation to another

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Independent Variable (Cause)

A

What you change

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Dependent Variable (Effect)

A

What changes as a result of that ^

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Mediator Variables

A

Explains or accounts for (is responsible for/causes) the relationship between the IV & DV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Moderator Variable

A

Affects the direction or strength of the relationship btwn IV & DV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Behavioral Sampling

A

Recording a specific aspect of behavior

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Behavioral Sampling Techniques

A
  • Interval Recording
  • Time Sampling
  • Latency Recording
  • Duration Recording
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Event Recording

A

Best for behaviors that:

  • occur infrequently
  • have long duration
  • Leave a permanent record or other product
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Latency Recording

A

Used to determine how long it takes for a behavior to begin after specific event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Interval Recording

A

Useful when target behavior has no clear beginning or end

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Duration Recording

A
  • When behavior has a clear beginning and end

- Indicates how long a behavior lasts

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Situational Sampling

A

Observing behaviors in multiple settings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Sequential Analysis

A
  • Used to encode behavior sequences

- Useful for studying complex social behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Simple Random Sample

A

Every member of the population has an equal chance of being selected for inclusion

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Cluster Sampling

A

Selecting units (groups) of individuals rather than individuals from the population (pre-existing groups from schools, mental health clinics, etc.)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Event Sampling

A

Behavioral sampling that involves observing and recording information about a behavior when it occurs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Controlling Extraneous Variables (EVs)

A

Matching - when # of subjects too small
Blocking (grouping) - EV treated as IV
ANCOVA - used to statistically remove effects of EV on the DV

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Internal Validity

A

When adequate:

- Conclude that observed variations in DV are due to variations in IV & not other factors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Campbell & Stanley
(Generic EVs that limit study’s Internal Validity)
(Factors affect the DV)

A
  • Maturation (changes w/in subj. due to passage of time)
  • History (external event during course of study)
  • Testing
  • Instrumentation (change in tests or other measuring devices)
  • Statistical Regression (v. high/v. low scores go towards mean on retest)
  • Selection (subj in diff groups not similar)
  • Attrition (Mortality) - subj. who drop out from 1 grp diff. from subj. in another grp)
  • Interactions with selection (e.g. w/hx say one grp exposed to event & other is not)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

External Validity

A

Generalization of results to other people, settings and conditions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Pretest Sensitization

A
  • Administration of a pretest affects how subj. react to the treatment (Use Solomon-Four Grp Design to evaluate pretest sens.)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Threats to External Validity

A
  • Interaction btwn selection & treatment

- When pple in sample differ from pple in population (respond differently to IV)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Threats to External Validity

A

Reactivity

- Occurs when research participants act differently because they know their behavior is being observed

26
Q

Other Threats to External Validity

A
  • Experimenter expectancy (experimenter may bias result of a research study)
  • Demand Characteristics (cues in research setting that may communicate to subj what is expected of them)
  • Multiple Tx Interference (more than one level of IV is administered to each subj) - :Corrected by Latin Sq Design
27
Q

Latin Square Design (External Validity)

A

Partial Counterbalancing design

- determines what sequence of tx will be administered to diff. groups of participants

28
Q

Counterbalancing Design

Goal is to use every possible sequence of tx

A

Within-Subjects design

- administering diff. levels of IV to diff. groups in a diff. order

29
Q

Group Designs

A
  • Between-Groups
  • Within-Subjects
  • Single-Group Time Series
30
Q

Between Groups Research Design

different people test each condition, so that each person is only exposed to a single user interface

A

An experiment that has two or more groups of subjects, each being tested by a different testing factor simultaneously

31
Q

Within-Subjects Research Design

the same person tests all the conditions (i.e., all the user interfaces

A

All participants are exposed to every treatment or condition. The term “treatment” is used to describe the different levels of the IV, the variable that’s controlled by the experimenter

32
Q

Carryover Effects

A

Occur when being exposed to 1 level of the IV affects how a participant reacts to another level of that IV (Counterbalancing controls for this - present diff levels of IV to diff. participants in a diff. order).

33
Q

Single-Group Time Series Design

A

DV is measured several times before & after IV is applied

34
Q

Factorial Design

A

Research design with more than one IV

35
Q

Main Effect

A

Effect of one IV on DV

36
Q

Interaction

A

Effect of one IV on DV at different levels of another IV

37
Q

Static Group Comparison

A

Two intact groups (tx & no tx

- evaluate effects of tx by comparing post-test scores of the two grps.

38
Q

Single Subject Design (Baseline & Treatment phases)

A
  • AB design (1 baseline & 1 Tx phases)
  • Reversal Design (extends AB @ min. 2 baseline phases & 1 Tx)
  • Multiple baseline design: apply IV to 2+ baselines e.g. 2 settings, tasks/behaviors) - ABAB
39
Q

Scales of Measurement (NOIR)

A
  • Nominal (name, color, gender)
  • Ordinal (good/bad; tall/short; hi/l)
  • Interval (temperature)
  • Ratio (grades)
40
Q

Peaked Distribution

A

Leptokurtic (think leap)

41
Q

Flat Distribution

A

Platykurtic (think duck-billed platypus’ bill)

42
Q

Negatively Skewed Distribution
(Tail on +ve side of central value)
Tail Tells the Tale

A
  • When scores are concentrated on the positive side (tail) of the distribution
  • The mean of negatively skewed data will be less than the median, which is less than mode
43
Q

Positively Skewed Distribution

Tail on -ve side of central value

A
  • When scores are concentrated on the negative side (tail) of the distribution
  • The mean of positively skewed data will be greater than the median, which is greater than mode
44
Q

Measures of Variability

A
  • Range (subtract lowest from highest)
  • Variance (spread of #’s in a data set)
  • Std Deviation (sq rt of variance)
45
Q

Constant Added or Subtracted

constant does not change

A
  • Measures of Central Tendencies (mean, median & mode) change
  • Measures of Variability (range, variance & std deviation) stay the same
46
Q

Constant Divided or Multiplied

A

All measures of central tendencies & measures of variability change

47
Q

Rejection Region (region of unlikely values)

A

Alpha (0.1 or 0.5)

0.1 = 1% falls in region of unlikely values & 99% fall in region of likely values

48
Q

Type I Error = Alpha (level of significance)

A

True Null Hy is rejected

- accept that IV has effect on DV when it is due to sampling error

49
Q

Type II Error = Beta

A

False Null Hy is retained
- accept IV has no effect on DV when it actually did
Caused by IV not administered in sufficient intensity/length of time
- sample size too small
- alpha too small

50
Q

Power

A
  • alpha is increased
  • sample size increased
  • maximized when use one-tailed/ t-test/ANOVA/parametric test
51
Q

Parametric Test (inferential stat tests)

A

Used:

  • When data being analyzed rep. interval or ratio scale of measurement
  • Population is normally distributed
  • Homoscedasticity is met: equal variance from diff. grps rep.
52
Q 
Critical Value (cut-off point)
(inferential stat tests)
A

Determined by:

  • alpha
  • degrees of freedom
53
Q

Test for Nominal Data

A
  • Chi-square: very sensitive to sample size
  • Single-sample chi-square (1 IV & data is in frequencies)
  • Multiple sample chi-square (2+IVs & frequencies in each nominal category)
54
Q

Tests for Ordinal Data

A
  • Mann-Whitney U:1 IV, two unrelated grps
  • Wilcoxon Matched-Pairs: 1 IV grps related
  • Kruskal-Wallis: rank-ordered data 2+ grps
55
Q

Tests for Interval & Ratio Data

A
  • T-test single sample (compare known obtained grp/sample mean to known population mean)
  • T-test ind. samples (compare means in 2 grps that are indepe. (diff)/unrelated
  • T-test Correlated samples (compare means in 2 grps that are related)
  • One-Way ANOVA (1 IV & 2+ indepe. grps)
  • Factorial ANOVA (2+IVs)
56
Q

F-Ratio

A

MSB(reflect tx effects & error) /MSW (error)

MSB larger than MSW f-ratio is > 1

57
Q

Measures of Effect Size

A
  • Cohen’s d

- Eta squared

58
Q

Eta

A
  • Used to determine degree of association when relationship is nonlinear and two continuous variables)
59
Q 
Correlation Coefficient
(Avg. degree of association btwn variables)
A

Pearson r - both variables interval or ratio
Spearman rho - both variables are ranks
Tetrachoic - 2 normally distr. continuous variables
Point biserial - 1 true dichot/1 ratio/interval
Biserial - 1 artificial dichot/1 interval/ratio

60
Q

Bonferroni Test

A
  • Reduces level of alpha for each comparison thus reducing probability of Type I Error (replaces ANOVA & Post-hoc)
61
Q

Multiple Regression

A
  • used when predictors & criterion are continuous

- “Dummy coding” use when you have categorical data

My EPPP Flashcards (9 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions