Abnormal Psychology Review Flashcards
1
Q
DSM-5
A
- Categorical Classification
- Nonaxial Assessment System
- Outline for Cultural Formulation
2
Q
DSM
A
Follows Polythetic Criteria
- to allow symptom heterogeneity
- individual only has to meet a subset of criteria for a given D/O
3
Q
Uncertainty about Dx
A
- Other Specified D/O: when clinician indicates reason why they don’t meet d/o
- Unspecified D/O: does not want to specify why sx don’t meet dx for a d/0
4
Q
Neurodevelopmental D/Os
etiology unknown in 30% of cases
A
- Intellectual Devel. D/O . deficits in intel. function . onset during devel. period . mild, moderate, severe & profound . level of adaptive functioning is based on conceptual, social & practical domains
5
Q
Croen et al (2001) study of intellectual disability
A
- Low Birth Weight strongest predictor of both levels of disability (mild or severe ID)
6
Q
Communication Disorders
A
- Childhood onset (stuttering) 2-7
- Tx: Habit reversal - awareness trng, regulated breathing, relaxation, motivation, competing responses & social support
7
Q
Autism Spectrum Disorders
A
Requires:
- Persistent deficits in social comm. & interaction across multiple contexts
- Restricted repetitive patterns of behavior
- Sx during early developmental period
- Impaired social/occupation/other function
8
Q
Autism - Prognosis
A
- better if acquire verbal skills by age 5/6
- IQ of 70+
- later onset of symptoms
9
Q
Lovaas
A
- Shaping & discrimination training for Autistic individuals (improve communication skills)
10
Q
ADHD
A
- Onset prior to age 12
- Evidence in at least 2 settings
11
Q
Distinguishing ADHD from Bipolar D/O
A
Common in Pediatric Bipolar not ADHD
- elation
- grandiosity
- decreased need for sleep
- hyper-sexuality
12
Q
ADHD
A
Low metabolic funct. in prefrontal cortex & Basal Ganglia (involved in mvmt)
- caudate nucleus (in basal ganglia)
- globus pallidus (in basal ganglia)
13
Q
Schizophrenia
A
- 2 active phase sx for at least one mos
- impaired functioning for at least 6 mos
- 1 active phase has to be: hallucinations, delusions or disorganized speech
- onset late teens to early 30’s
14
Q
Schizophrenia Prognosis
A
- generally poor
- worse if male, early onset and negative sx present
- better if female, acute & late onset
15
Q
Concordance Rate for Schizophrenia
A
- Bio Sibs: 10%
- Fraternal Twins: 17%
- Identical Twins: 48% (45-50%)
- One GP w/disorder: 5%
- Two parents w/disorder: 46%
- Adopted sib: 1% (like general pop)
- For parent of child with d/0: 6%
16
Q
Dopamine Hypothesis
A
- Oversensitivity to dopamine
- Drugs that reduce effects of dopamine will decrease sx of schizophrenia
17
Q
Depressive D/Os: Disruptive Mood D/O
A
- Cannot be assigned for first time before age 6 or after age 18
- Onset must be before age 10
18
Q
Depressive D/Os: Major Depressive D/O
A
- presence of at least 5 sx
- at least one sx loss of interest/pleasure or depressed mood
- Peripartum onset: during pregnancy or w/in 4 wks post partum
- Seasonal pattern: onset of sx & particular time of year
- Atypical: laden paralysis, hypersomnia
Mood-Congruent psychotic: delusions and hallucinations
19
Q
Major Depressive D/O & Pseudo-dementia (prominent cognitive sx)
A
- Pseudo-dementia patients may exaggerate their cognitive sx
- Mild or Major neurocognitive D/O may deny or minimize sx
- Pseudo-dementia pt: gtr impairment with procedural than declarative memory
20
Q
Catecholamine Hypothesis
A
- Depression is caused by deficiency of norephineprine
21
Q
TCA's (tricyclics) . Amitriptiline (elavil) . Imipramime (tofranil) . Notriptyline (Pamelor) . Doxepin (sinequar)
A
- most effective for ‘classic’ depression
- included vegetative sx
- more severe sx in the morning
22
Q
SSRIs
A
- fewer side effects than TCAs . Citalopram (Celexa) . Escitalopram (Lexapro) . Fluoxetine (Prozac) . Paroxetine (Paxil, Pexeva) . Sertraline (Zoloft)
23
Q
Suicide
A
- Mostly linked to MDD and Bipolar D/O
- Age group 24-64
- Worse for Whites except Native Am. (15-34)
- Low Serotonin
24
Q
Obsessive Compulsive & Related Disorders
Tx: Combo of SSRI/ TCA: clomimaprine & Exposure w/response prevention
A
- rates equal for males and females
- earlier onset for males (higher in childhood)
- overactive caudate nucleus
25
PTSD
- exposure to actual or threatened death, serious injury or sexual violence
- sx duration more than 1 mos and cause sig. distress/impaired functioning
26
Delayed expression specifier for PTSD
- symptoms not met until at least 6 mos after traumatic event
27
Dissociative Amnesia
- memory loss mostly anterograde
| - loss of memory for personal or biographical information
28
Serotonin
- Too much in Anorexia
| - Too little in Bulimia Nervosa
29
Hypnagogic Hallucinations
- vivid dreams occur during transition from wakefulness to sleep
30
Hypnogogic Hallucinations
- vivid dreams occurs during transition from sleep to wakefulness
31
Non-REM Sleep D/O
| stg 3 or 4
- sleep walk (recurrent incomp. awakening)
- sleep terror
- don't recall or may only see fragments of dream
- autonomic arousal
32
REM Sleep D/O or Nightmare D/O
- recall dreams
- threat to life or security
- occurs later in sleep
- autonomic arousal
33
REM Sleep Behavior D/O
- repeated episodes of arousal in REM sleep
- complex motor beh. or vocalizations
- feel like you are falling or screaming
34
Premature Ejaculation
- Inhibit reuptake of serotonin
| - stimulate GABA receptors (lessens anxiety)
35
Masters and Johnson's Sex Therapy
7 Elements
Mutual Responsibility & H/Wk most imp.
- Premature Ejaculation
| - Genito-Pelvic Pain/Penetration D/O
36
Substance/Medication-Induced Sexual Dysfunction
- does not require the general 6 mos duration of sx
- sx develop during or after intoxication or withdrawal
- antipsychotics: 50%
- antidepressant: 20%-80%
37
Oppositional Defiant D/O
- angry/irritable mood (pattern)
- argumentative/defiant
- vindictiveness
38
Conduct D/O
- violates rights of others (pattern)
- 3 characteristic sx (aggression to pple & animals; destruction of property; deceitfulness/theft; serious violation of rules
39
Substance Use D/O
- at least 2 sx (impaired ctrl; social impairment; risky use & pharmacological e.g. tolerance & w/drawal
- mild (2-3sx), moderate (3-5sx) Severe (6+)
40
John Conger (1956)
- Tension-Reduction Model of alcohol addiction
| - drinking reinforced by its tension reduction properties = addiction because it removes anxiety & stress
41
Major Neurocognitive D/O
- substantial decline in 1 + cog. functions
- used to be dementia
- interferes with ADLs
42
Mild Neurocognitive D/O
- modest decline in cog. functions
- used to be cog d/o nos
- do not interfere with ADLs
43
Neurocognitive D/O due to Alzheimer's
- amyloid plaques & neurofibrillary tangles
- medial temporal brain (diacephalon)
- abnormal acetylcholine levels (involved in memory formation)
44
Neurocognitive D/O due to Alzheimer's
- initial stages: anterograde esp for declarative (explicit: facts & episodic: events) memories
- visuospatial deficits
- anomia (cant recall names of everyday objects)
45
Alzheimer's 3 Progression Stages
1st (2-3 years)
- indifference; irritability; anomia; anterogd
2nd (3-10 years)
- anterogd & retrogd;flat/labile mood (mood swings);restless; fluent aphasia
3rd (8-12 years)
- urinary & fecal incontinence; severely deteriorated intellectual functioning; apathy
46
Medial Temporal Structures (Alz)
- entorhinal cortex
- hippocampus
- amygdala
47
AIDS Dementia Complex (6 stages)
0.5 - minimal signs of impairment
1 - unequivocal evidence of functions, intellectual & motor impairments but can still perform ADLs
2 - cannot work or perform demanding tasks may need assistance with ADLs
3 - significant intellectual impairment/cant walk unassisted
4 - severely deteriorated, double incontinence, nearly vegetative, paralysis
