Social PSychology Flashcards
1
Q
Schemata
influence on our impressions
A
- Organized, mental networks of information that help us process and organize social information and scripts
2
Q
Scripts
A
- Provide knowledge about the appropriate sequence of behaviors in specific social situations
3
Q
Central Traits
influence on our impressions
A
- Provide unique info about a person & the social context (Rosenhan’s pseudo-patient study)
4
Q
Fundamental Attribution Bias
A
- Tendency to overestimate the role of dispositional (internal) factors when making attributions about the behaviors of others
5
Q
Actor-Observer Effect/ Self-Serving Bias
A
- Tendency to attribute our successes to dispositional factors and failures to situational factors
6
Q
Heuristics
A
- Mental shortcuts people use when making attributions & other social judgments
- allows an individual to make a decision, pass judgment, or solve a problem quickly and with minimal mental effort
7
Q
Representativeness Heuristic
A
- Basing your judgement of a person, object or event on how similar person, object or event is to the typical case while ignoring probability (base rate) data
8
Q
Availability Heuristic
A
- Judging the likelihood or frequency of an event based on how easy it is to retrieve information about that event from LTM
9
Q
Cognitive Errors & Biases
A
- Base Rate Fallacy
- Confirmation Bias
- False Consensus Effect
10
Q
Base Rate Fallacy
A
- Rely on case-specific info & ignore/underuse probability data
11
Q
Confirmation Bias
A
- Tendency to pay attention to info that is consistent with one’s beliefs & ignore/invalidate info that is not
12
Q
False Consensus Effect
A
- Overestimating the extent to which attitudes or beliefs of others are similar to our own
13
Q
Byrne’s Law of Attraction
A
- Interactions w/pple who are similar are more rewarding & more likely to produce positive affect
14
Q
Gain-Loss Effect
A
- We are attracted to pple who initially evaluated us negatively but subsequently evaluate us positively
15
Q
Barnum Effect
A
- Tendency for pple to accept vague/general descriptions as accurate descriptions of themselves (fortune tellers use this, no?)
16
Q
Schachter and Singer (1962)
- Epinephrine Studies
- Two-Factor Theory of Emotion
- Self-perception Theory
A
- Misinformed or clueless participants acted like the confederates
- Hypothesized that if people experienced an emotion for which they had no explanation, they would then label these feelings using their feelings at the moment
17
Q
Social Comparison Theory
A
- We evaluate our behaviors & attitudes by comparing them to those of other pple, most often those we believe are similar to us
18
Q
Self-Verification Theory
A
- We generally prefer feedback about ourselves that is consistent with our self-concept
19
Q
Self-Efficacy
A
- Level of self-monitoring
- High self monitors are good at identifying what behaviors are expected of them & behave consistent to those expectations
20
Q
Locus of Control
A
- Extent to which pple believe personal outcomes are controlled by:
- Internal factors vs.
- External factors
21
Q
Foot-in-the-door technique
A
- First making a small request then when that request is accepted, making a larger request
22
Q
Door-in-the-face technique
A
- First making a large request & when that is rejected, making a smaller request
23
Q
Psychological Reactance (Moscovici)
A
- Occurs when a person acts in a way that is the opposite of what is requested (due to a loss of personal control)
24
Q
Bases of Social Power (French & Raven)
RELI (RELY w/an I)
A
- Referent: R (liked & admired)
- Expert: E (superior knowledge or expertise)
- Legitimate: L (position or role)
- Informational: I (share info & lose power)
25
Elaboration Likelihood Model of Persuasion
- Central route
| - Peripheral route
26
Central Route
- Message is interesting or personally relevant to listener
27
Peripheral Route
- Message is uninteresting or uninvolved for listener
28
Resistance to Persuasion
- Inoculated against message
| - Arguments against listener's position w/ weak counterarguments
29
Lewin's Field Theory
- Behavior is always a function of the person & his/her social & physical environment
30
Four Intraindivdual Conflicts (Lewin & Miller)
- Approach-Approach- 2 eq. attractive (easiest to decide)
- Avoidance-Avoidance: 2 eq. unattractive
- Approach-Avoidance: 1 has unattractive & attractive
- Double Approach-Avoidance: 2 w/eq. pros & cons (Most difficult)
31
Schachter-Singer Theory
| aka Two-Factor theory of emotion
2 factors are needed to experience emotion:
- 1st, environmental stimuli elicits a physiological response
- 2nd, we cognitively appraise this physiological activity, & try to give it the correct label
