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NCS > Statistics > Flashcards

Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

Hierarchy of evidence

A
  1. SR + MA
  2. RCT
  3. Cohort
  4. Case-control
  5. Cross sectional survey
  6. Case report
  7. Expert opinion
  8. Anecdotal
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2
Q

Cohort studies

A

Compare groups prospectively

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3
Q

Case-control studies

A

Compare groups retrospectively

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4
Q

Cross-sectional surveys

A

Look at a group at a specific point in time

**Typically utilized in developmental psyc

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5
Q

Nominal

A
  • Labels that are mutually exclusive

* *Male + female

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6
Q

Ordinal

A
  • Rank ordering, distance between ratings not equal

* *1st, 2nd, and 3rd place

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7
Q

Interval

A
  • Equal intervals between ratings, no true zero point

* *Temperature

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8
Q

Ratio

A
  • Equal intervals, has true zero poin

* *10 meter walk time

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9
Q

Reliability

A

Consistency, dependability

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10
Q

Random errors limit…

A

Reliability

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11
Q

Systematic errors limit…

A

Validity

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12
Q

SEM

A

Repeated measures on the same instrument tend to be distributed around the “true” score

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13
Q

Large SEM =

Small SEM =

A 
Low reliability (large)
High reliability (small)
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14
Q

Intra-rated reliability

A

Consistency within the same rater

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15
Q

Inter-rater reliability

A

Consistency between raters

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16
Q

Validity

A

Extent to which a test measures what it is purported to measure

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17
Q

Construct validity

A

How well the test measures The abstract construct it is supposed to measure (pain, intelligence, QOL)

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18
Q

Content validity

A

How well the content of the test matches a content domain associated with a construct
**Determined by expert consensus

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19
Q

Face validity

A

Instrument appears to test what it is supposed to

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20
Q

Criterion-related validity

A

Compares the test with other measures already validated

**Compared to gold standard

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21
Q

Concurrent validity

A

Comparison between the test and another measure administered at the same time

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22
Q

Predictive validity

A

Comparison between the test and another measure administered in the future

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23
Q

Floor effect

A

A measure’s lowest score is unable to assess a patient’s level of ability

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24
Q

Ceiling effect

A

A measures highest score is unable to assess a patient’s level of ability

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25
Q

Normative data

A

Represents scores pulled from the literature to provide “normal” values within a population

26
Q

Cut-off scores

A

Designates a positive or negative test outcome

27
Q

MDC

A

Minimum amount of change in a patient’s score that ensures that change is not the result of measurement error

28
Q

Minimal clinically important difference

A

The smallest amount of change in an outcome that might be considered important by the patient or clinician

29
Q

Sensitivity

A
  • True positive rate

- Likelihood that someone with the condition will be positive on the diagnostic test

30
Q

Specificity

A
  • True negative rate

- Likelihood that someone who doesn’t have the condition will negative on the diagnostic test

31
Q

Positive predictive value

A

Percentage of people who are positive on the diagnostic test who have the condition

32
Q

Negative predictive value

A

Percentage of people who are negative on the diagnostic test that do not have the condition

33
Q

Positive likelihood ratio

A

Indicates how many times more or less likely a positive result will occur in someone with the condition that in someone without the condition

  • *How much the odds of a disease increase when a test is positive
  • *Increase the probability of having the disease associated with having the finding vs not
34
Q

+LR values

A

> 10 Large
5-10 Moderate
2-5 Small
1 Neutral

35
Q

Negative likelihood ratio

A

Indicates how many times more or less likely a negative test restful will occur in someone without the condition than in someone with the condition

  • *How much the odds of having the disease decrease wit ha negative result
  • *Decrease the probability of having the disease associated with having the finding vs not
36
Q

-LR values

A

1 Neutral
.2-.5 Small
.1-.2 Moderate

37
Q

Descriptive stats

A
  • Summarizes a sample rather than a population

* *Does not allow us to make conclusions of data from the sample

38
Q

Nominal - measures of central tendency

A

Mode

39
Q

Ordinal - measures of central tendency

A

Median

40
Q

Interval/ratio (not skewed) - measures of central tendency

A

Mean

41
Q

Interval/ratio (skewed) - measures of central tendency

A

Median

42
Q

Range

A

Difference between the highest and lowest values

**Does not give insight into distribution of scores

43
Q

Percentiles/quartile

A

A value below which a given percentage of scores fall

44
Q

Standard deviation

A

Measures of the distribution of scores around a mean

45
Q

Low and high standard deviation

A

Low - tend to be close to the mean

High - tend to be spread out over a wider range of values

46
Q

Intraclass correlation coefficient

A
  • Measures of reliability of ratings
  • Rangers rom 0 to 1 (low to high agreement)
  • Generally, ICC > .75 is good reliability
47
Q

Inferential statistics

A

Techniques that allow us to use samples to make generalizations about the populations the samples represent

48
Q

Null hypothesis

A

Assumes there is no relationship between variables

49
Q

Experimental hypothesis

A

Assumes there is a relationship between the variables

50
Q

Type 1 Error

A

Alpha
False +
Claiming there is a difference in groups when in fact there is no difference

51
Q

Type II Error

A

Beta
False -
Claiming there is no difference/failing to reject the null when there is a difference

52
Q

Power

A

Strength of the treatment effect

1-B

53
Q

P-value - level of significance

A

Chance that the results occurred by random chance

54
Q

P-value < alpha

A

Null is rejected

**Lower the p-value, the less likelihood that the results occurred by chance

55
Q

P-value > alpha

A

Null is not rejected

**Higher the p-value, the more likelihood that the results occurred by chance

56
Q

Parametric

A
  • Representative of the population
  • Follows normal distribution
  • *INTERVAL + RATIO
57
Q

Non parametric

A
  • Not representative of population
  • No normal distribution or randomization
  • *NOMINAL + ORDINAL
58
Q

Confidence interval

A

How confident you are that the value falls within that interval
**Wider the interval, the higher the confidence

59
Q

Coefficient of determination (R2)

A

Describes the amount of variance in the dependent variable that can be explained by the variance in the independent variable

60
Q

2 related scores

>3 related scores

A

2 - P - paired test, NP - Wilcoxon signed ranking

3 - P - ANOVA, NP - Friedman

61
Q

2 ind groups

>3 ind groups

A

2 - P - unpaired ttest, NP - Mann-Whitney U test

3 - P - ANOVA, NP - Kruskat Wallis

NCS (19 decks)

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