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NCS > Pharmacology > Flashcards

Pharmacology Flashcards

1
Q

Agonists

A

Drugs that mimics a naturally occurring substance to stimulate a specific receptor

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2
Q

Antagonist

A

Drug binds to a receptor without activating it in order to block other potential substances from activating the receptor

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3
Q

Therapeutic Index

A

TD/ED (toxic dose in 50% of subjects / effective dose in 50% of subjects)

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4
Q

Pharmokinetics

A

The process by which a drug is absorbed, distributed, metabolized, and eliminated by the body

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5
Q

Metabolism

A

Deactivation by the liver with GI tract and other organs breaking the drug down to a less extent

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6
Q

Elimination/excretion

A

Primarily by the kidneys

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7
Q

Clearance

A

Volume of plasma from which a drug is eliminated per unit time

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8
Q

Half-life

A

Time required to reduce the plasma drug concentration by 50%

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9
Q

Decreased metabolism

A
  • Decreased clearance
  • Increased half life
  • Increased plasma
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10
Q

Increased metabolism

A
  • Increased clearance
  • Decreased half life
  • Decreased plasma
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11
Q

Mechanisms of anti-psychotics towards managing agitation

A

Inhibiting dopamine transmission

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12
Q

Typical anti-psychotics

A
  • Cholorpromazine
  • Haloperidol
  • Perphenazine
  • Fluphenazine
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13
Q

Second generation medications (“atypical”) treat…

A
  • Depressive states
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14
Q

Adverse effects of psychotics

A
  • Rigidity, tremors
  • TD
  • OH
  • Change in weight, glucose/lipid levels
  • Dizziness
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15
Q

Benzodiazepines (treat + mechanism)

A
  • Treat anxiety, seizures, spasticity, anesthesia, sedative
  • Binds to GABA receptors to cause hyper-polarization and inhibit neuronal firing
  • *Can lead to physical dependence, withdrawal symptoms
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16
Q

Benzodiazepines ending

A

“-AM”

  • Estazolam
  • Flurazepam
  • Queazepma
  • Clonazepam
17
Q

Non-benzo meds = Barbituates (treat + mechanism)

A
  • Use to promote sleep, also a good anesthetic
  • Binds to GABA receptors = cause decreased arousal and increased sleepiness
  • *HIGHLY ADDICTIVE with small therapeutic index
18
Q

Barbituates ending

A

“-AL”

  • Amobarbital
  • Phenobarbital
  • Pentobarbital
19
Q

Most commonly prescribed non-benzos

A
  • Zaleplon (Sonata)
  • Zolpidem (Ambien)
  • Eszopiclone (Lunesta)
20
Q

Precedes (treat + mechanism)

A
  • Used as a sedative in ICUs to control agitation
  • Binds to alpha-2 receptor to decreased sympathetic response
  • *May cause bradycardia or hypotension
21
Q

Partial seizure

A

Simple - may cause motor, sensory, autonomic,or psychological symptoms without obvious change in consciousness

  • Complex - focal seizure activity with impaired consciousness
  • *May spread across hemispheres and become generalized
22
Q

Generalized seizure

A
  • Simple - brief loss of consciousness without any detectable signs
  • Complex - loss of consciousness with notable clinical signs present
  • Absence (petit mal) - brief lapses without loss of postural control
  • Tonic-clinic - loss of consciousness with violent muscle contractions
23
Q

First-line medications of partial seizures

A
  • Carbamzepine (Tegretol)
  • Phenytoin (Dilantin)
  • Oxcarbazepine (Trileptal)
  • Valproic acid (Valproate)
24
Q

FIrst-line medications for generalized tonic-clinic seizures

A
  • Valproic acid (Valproate)
  • Lamotrigine (Lamictal)
  • Topiramate (Topamax)
25
Q

Anti-seizure mechanism of action and side effects

A 
Mechanism - blockaded of voltage gated sodium channels
Common side effects
- Nausea
- Dizziness
- Poor coordination
- Drowsiness/sleepiness
- Diplopia
26
Q

Neurostimulants mechanism

A
  • Increases synaptic concentration of dopamine, serotonin, and non-adrenaline
  • Increases neuronal sprouting and synaptogensis
  • Increases synaptic efficiency by facilitating long-term potentiation
27
Q

Neurostimulant types

A
  • Ritaline
  • Amphetamine
  • DA agonists
28
Q

Tizanidine (mechanism + treat)

A
  • Centrally acting alpha-2 adrenergic agonists which decreases polysnynaptic reflex activity
  • Used in conditions of marked muscle weakness
29
Q

Tizanidine side effects

A
  • Hypotension
  • Elevated liver enzymes
  • Sedation
  • Hallucinations
30
Q

Baclofen (mechanism + treat)

A
  • Acts centrally by binding to GABA receptors and inhibits spinal reflexes
  • Used when muscle weakness is not severe
31
Q

Baclofen side effects

A
  • Sedation
  • Muscle weakness
  • Confusion
  • Dyskinesia
  • Hallucinations
32
Q

Diazepam (Benzo) (mechanism + treat)

A
  • Centrally acting by inhibiting GABA receptors and pre-synaptic/postsynaptic reflexes
  • Used with painful spams especially at night
33
Q

Diazepam side effects

A
  • Sedation

- Habituation

34
Q

Dantrolene sodium (mechanism + treat)

A
  • Acts directly on skeletal muscle by prevention release of calcium from SR
  • Used with severe spasms and spinal cord lesions
35
Q

Dantrolene sodium side effects

A
  • Weakness
  • Diarrhea
  • Hepatotoxicity
36
Q

Clonodine (mechanism, treat, + side effects)

A
  • Decreases polysynaptic reflex activity
  • Used with spasticity associated with uncontrolled HTN
  • Side effects: OH
37
Q

Gabapentin (mechanism, treat, + side effects)

A
  • Similar structure to GABA, mechanism unknown
  • Used with MS and SCI
  • Side effects: sedation, confusion, fatigue, weight gain
38
Q

Botox (mechanism + lasting effects)

A
  • Acts on NMJ by inhibiting release of ACH at pre-synaptic terminal
  • Effects last for 2-6 months

NCS (19 decks)

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