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IC Stats, Graphs, Other > Statistics > Flashcards

Statistics Flashcards

1
Q

What kind of data uses whole numbers that are mutually exclusive (e.g. infected vs. not infected)

A

Discrete

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2
Q

What kind of data contains information that can be measured on a continuum or scale, have numeric values between the minimum and maximum values and requires a process of measuring rather than counting?

A

Continuous

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3
Q

Simplest or crudest level of measurement. Categories are used to classify observations into mutually exclusive groups or classes

A

Nominal scale

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4
Q

observations are ranked so that each category is distinct and stands in some definite relationship to each of the other categories.

A

Ordinal scale

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5
Q

When data meet all the requirements for ordinal data and the exact distance between any two observations on the scale is known.

A

Interval Scale

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6
Q

sum of values / # of observations

A

mean

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7
Q

the point at which 50% of the values fall below a middle value and 50% of the values occur above the middle value

A

Median

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8
Q

middle value of an odd numbered set of values

A

median

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9
Q

(2 middle values) / 2 in an even numbered set of values

A

median

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10
Q

Observation that occurs most frequently in a set of data

A

mode

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11
Q

1 SD will contain ___% of the measurements

A

68%

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12
Q

2 SD will contain ___% of the measurements

A

95%

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13
Q

3 SD will contain __% of the measurements

A

> 99.7%

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14
Q

Positive Skew means

A

Mean > Median

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15
Q

Normal distribution means

A

mean, median and mode are equal

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16
Q

Negative skew means

A

Mean < Median

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17
Q

Mesokurtosis

A

Normal bell shape

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18
Q

Leptokurtosis

A

More peaked shape curve

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19
Q

Platykurtosis

A

flatter shaped curve

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20
Q

Basic formula for all rates

A

(X/Y) * K

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21
Q

Indicates the risk of disease in a population over a period of time

A

Incidence

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22
Q

K (constant used to transform equations into uniform quantity)

A

made so the smallest calculated rate is at least 1 number to the left of the decimal

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23
Q

Incidence Rate

A

Equals the number of new cases of a disease for a specified time period

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24
Q

Prevalence Rate

A

Equals the number of existing cases of disease from a specified interval or point in time

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25
Q

The proportion of persons in a population with a particular disease or attribute at specific point in time.

A

Prevalence

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26
Q

summary measure that compares HAI rates over time among one or more groups of patients to that of a standard population

A

Standardized Infection Ratio (SIR)

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27
Q

Proportion of persons at risk who become infected over an entire period of exposure

A

Attack Rate

28
Q

Attack Rate

A

of new cases / population at risk (for same time period) * 100

29
Q

Measure of the frequency of death in a defined population, during a specified time (usually a year)

A

Mortality Rate

30
Q

Mortality Rate

A

dead / estimated population * K

K = 1,000 for crude rates
K = 100,000 for cause specific
31
Q

Difference in rate of a condition between an exposed population and an unexposed population.

A

Attributable risk

32
Q

Attributable Risk Formula

A

Incidence in exposed - incidence in unexposed

33
Q

Odds ratio formula

A

Draw Table and (AD)/(BC)

34
Q

Probability of not having a disease given a negative screening test result in the screened population

A

Negative predictive value

35
Q

Probability of having the disease given a positive screening test result in the screened population

A

Positive predictive value

36
Q

The higher prevalence of the disease, PPV____________ & NPV ________________

A

PPV increases, NPV decreases

37
Q

Relative risk equation

A

Draw table

A/R1) / (C/R2

38
Q

If R (relative risk) equals 1….

A

There is no significant association

39
Q

If R < 1

A

There is a negative association

40
Q

If R > 1…

A

There is a positive association

41
Q

The probability of committing a Type I error is referred to as

A

Significance level

42
Q

This type of error means rejecting the null hypothesis when it is true and attributing significance where there is none

A

type 1 (alpha)

43
Q

This type of error means accepting the null hypothesis when it is false or not attributing significance when it exists

A

Type II (Beta)

44
Q

You can reduce a Type I error by…

A

Decreasing the length of rejection area, keep alpha level very small (0.05, 0.01)

45
Q

You can reduce Type II errors by

A

Increasing the sampling size

46
Q

The p value in statistical test results indicates

A

The probability of having committed a Type 1 error

47
Q

What parametric test type test that the means of two sample groups are not different for a sample size >30 with normal distribution?

A

Z test

48
Q

What parametric test is used with the sample size is < 30?

A

T test

49
Q

T/F: Non-parametric test (such as Chi-square) make no assumptions about distribution of population values.

A

True

50
Q

The probability that a test correctly identifies patients without disease as negative

A

Specificity

51
Q

The probability that a test correctly identifies as positive patients who have the disease

A

sensitivity

52
Q

Sensitivity Equation

A

TN/(TN + FP)

53
Q

Specificity Equation

A

TP/(TP+FN)

54
Q

Chi-square Equation

A

(O-E)^2/E

55
Q

This non-parametric type of test is used for medium to large samples and tests the association between two classifications of a set of counts or frequencies.

A

Chi-square

56
Q

This non-parametric test is used in place of the chi-square when the sample size number is <20

A

Fisher’s Exact

57
Q

The _____ of a test is its ability of a test detect a specified difference (e.g. the probability of rejecting the null hypothesis when it is false)

A

Power

58
Q

Power of a hypothesis is affected by these 3 factors

A
  1. sample size: Bigger sample size=greater the power
  2. Significance level: higher significance = higher the power
  3. The greater the difference between the “true” value parameter and the value specified in the null hypothesis, greater the power of a test.
59
Q

What kind of graph shows a frequency distribution with values of the variable on the x-axis & the number of observations on the y-axis; data points are plotted at the midpoints of the intervals and are connected with a straight line?

A

Frequency polygon

60
Q

Difference in rate of a condition between an exposed population and an unexposed population

A

attributable risk

61
Q

The proportion of cases attributable (and avoidable) to this exposure in relation to all cases.

A

Attributable Risk Percent (ARP)

62
Q

Attributable Risk Percent Calculation

A

(relative risk - 1) + relative risk

63
Q

Precision of the relative risk is related to…

A

the power of a study.

64
Q

this type of chart uses calculated upper & lower limits over time

A

control charts

65
Q

this type of chart is useful in IC because there can be more than one error per patient taken into account

A

U Charts

66
Q

This type of chart provide a range of expected variation about a mean and the upper & lower limits beyond which the process is considered out of control

A

control charts

67
Q

This type of chart is useful in conveying changes in rates over time & identifying points in time when rates are outside the expected range

A

control charts

IC Stats, Graphs, Other (7 decks)

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