Station 6: Ankle and Foot

Question 1

What is normal foot and ankle ROM?

Answer 1

10-12 cm with knee to wall test

Question 2

What is the ankle joint?

Answer 2

Talocrural joint

Question 3

Describe what happens to the arch through gait?

Answer 3

Stance: arch collapses - absorbing shock
Push off: high arch for propulsion

Question 4

What are the rear foot bones?

Answer 4

Calcaneus and Talus

Question 5

What are the mid foot bones?

Answer 5

cuboid and navicular

Question 6

What are the fore foot bones?

Answer 6

Lateral/Intermediate/Medial Cuneiform

Question 7

What are the 3 foot arches?

Answer 7

Lateral Longitudinal Arch
Medial Longitudinal Arch
Transverse Arch

Question 8

What is the keystone of the lateral longitudinal arch?

Answer 8

Cuboid

Question 9

What is the keystone of the medial longitudinal arch?

Answer 9

Talus

Question 10

What is plantar fascia?

Answer 10

Thick fibrous tissue which runs from calcaneus to toes

Question 11

When the foot is flat, plantar fascia is …?

Answer 11

not loose or tight

Question 12

When the foot is pushing off, plantar fascia is …?

Answer 12

pulled tight

Question 13

What two structures form truss?

Answer 13

Medial longitudinal arch and plantar fascia

Question 14

What does plantar fascia do for the medial longitudinal arch?

Answer 14

maintains it and provides static support and dynamic shock absorption

Question 15

What is the windlass mechanism?

Answer 15

When pushing off, the plantar fascia tightens which makes the arch higher which helps to propel you forward

Question 16

What are common injuries of plantar fascia and how do they come about?

Answer 16

Plantar fascitis - inflammation.
Arises from poor biomechanics

Question 17

Why is the terminology of the foot different to the body

Answer 17

Due to the projection of foot anteriorly from coronal plane of body

Question 18

What are the differences in terminology for the foot

Answer 18

Plantarflexion/Dorsiflexion = Flexion/Extension
Inversion/Eversion = adduction/abduction
Adduction/Abduction = internal/external rotation

Question 19

What are the joints of the ankle, their actions and which bones they connect?

Answer 19

Talocrural joint: plantarflexion/dorsiflexion. Tibia and talar dome

Subtalar joint: inversion/eversion and abduction/adduction. Talus/Calcaneus

Midtarsal joint: inversion/eversion and abduction/adduction. Talus/Navicular/Cuboid

Question 20

What are the intertarsal joints?

Answer 20

Subtalar and Midtarsal joints

Question 21

Which way do the soles face for inversion

Answer 21

Soles face Inwards

Question 22

Which way do the feet point for abduction?

Answer 22

Feet face outwards

Question 23

What actions occur for pronation?

Answer 23

Dorsiflexion + Abduction + Eversion
Rolling in

Question 24

What actions occur for supination?

Answer 24

Plantarflexion + adduction + inversion
Rolling out

Question 25

What happens to the knee due to excessive pronation

Answer 25

Knee rolls out
Internally rotates

Question 26

For 1 degree of pronation, how many degrees of internal rotation of the tibia are there?

Answer 26

4 degrees

Question 27

Why is incidence of knee injury high in people who pronate?

Answer 27

Rolling in causes tibia internal rotation
Referred pain