States of Matter

Question 1

What are properties of a solid?

Answer 1

• Particles are very close together
• Vibrate in fixed positions
• Low energy
• Hard to compress
• Constant shape, mass and volume

Question 2

What are properties of a liquid?

Answer 2

• Particles are quite close together
• Move slowly
• Medium energy
• Hard to compress
• Constant mass and volume, but no fixed shape

Question 3

What are properties of a gas?

Answer 3

• Particles are far apart
• Move quickly and randomly
• High energy
• Easy to compress
• Constant mass, but no fixed shape or volume

Question 4

Solid to Liquid

Answer 4

Melting

Question 5

Liquid to Gas

Answer 5

Evaporation

Question 6

Gas to Solid

Answer 6

Deposition/Desublimation

Question 7

Gas to Liquid

Answer 7

Condensation

Question 8

Solid to Gas

Answer 8

Sublimation

Question 9

Liquid to Solid

Answer 9

Freezing

Question 10

What is the difference between Evaporation and Boiling?

Answer 10

Evaporation happens at every temperature, boiling happens at a specific temperature (boiling point).

Question 11

What is the similarity between Evaporation and Boiling?

Answer 11

They are both the change of state from liquid to gas.

Question 12

Why does the temperature of a substance not change during a change of state?

Answer 12

Because the thermal energy is being used to break the forces.

Question 13

What is diffusion?

Answer 13

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.

Question 14

What does soluble mean?

Answer 14

A substance that can be dissolved.

Question 15

What does insoluble mean?

Answer 15

A substance that cannot be dissolved.

Question 16

What is a solute?

Answer 16

The solid that has been dissolved.

Question 17

What is a solvent?

Answer 17

The liquid that the solid is dissolved into.

Question 18

What is a solution?

Answer 18

2 or more substances that have been dissolved with each other.

Question 19

What is a mixture?

Answer 19

2 or more substances that are mixed but not chemically combined.
It is an impure substance that could be elements/compounds/both, but with no fixed ratios.

Question 20

What does miscible mean?

Answer 20

Liquids that can mix together. (homogenous)

Question 21

What does immiscible mean?

Answer 21

Liquids that cannot mix together.

Question 22

Solubility equation

Answer 22

Solubility = mass of solute needed to make a saturated solution in 100cm³ of water.

Question 23

What is a saturated solution?

Answer 23

A solution which cannot dissolve any more solute.

Question 24

How does solubility change with temperature?

Answer 24

In a curve

                                    x
                                 x
                            x
                     x
          x x

Question 25

What is an element?

Answer 25

An element is a pure substance made up of one type of atom only. The atoms can be separate or molecules.

Question 26

What is a molecule?

Answer 26

A molecule is 2 or more atoms chemically combined. This can be an element or a compound.

Question 27

What is a compound?

Answer 27

A compound is a pure substance made of 2 or more different types of atoms chemically bonded. It must be a molecule.

Question 28

How does filtration work?

Answer 28

- Put sand in a beaker with water, and stir to mix - Fold the filter paper in half twice, and place it in a funnel, in a conical flask - Pour the mixture in - The sand molecules are too large to fit through the holes in the filter paper, but the water can - The sand in the filter paper is called the residue, and the water is the filtrate.

Question 29

How does crystallisation work?

Answer 29

- Put salt in a beaker with water, and stir until all the salt is dissolved - Pour the saltwater solution in an evaporating basin - Use a bunsen burner to evaporate all the water, leaving the crystallised salt.

Question 30

How does chromatography work?

Answer 30

- Draw a line on the paper in pencil, 1cm above the bottom. Then put a spot of your mixture onto the line. - Put the paper in a beaker with some solvent (eg. water), ensuring the solvent's level is below the pencil line - Solvent soaks up the paper - The pattern you get is called a chromatagram - The top spot is most soluble because it travelled the furthest

Question 31

How does a separating funnel work?

Answer 31

- Open tap so the bottom liquid exits - Close tap to leave other liquid

Question 32

How does simple distillation work?

Answer 32

- The solution is heated until the liquid with the lower boiling point evaporates - The gas travels into the condenser - Here it cools to condense and drip into the beaker, forming the distillate - The other liquid / the solid is left in the flask.

Question 33

How does fractional distillation work?

Answer 33

- The solution is heated until the liquids evaporate - They travel to the fractionating column, which has a temperature gradient (hot at bottom, cold at top) - Repeated evaporation and condensation happens here - Liquid with the lowest boiling point reaches the top first, and travels to the condenser - Here it cools to condense and distills over - Once the thermometer at the top reaches the next substance's boiling point, replace the beaker at the bottom.

Question 34

How would you separate a soluble solute and a solvent?

Answer 34

Crystallisation.

Question 35

How would you separate an insoluble solute and a solvent?

Answer 35

Filtration.

Question 36

How would you separate two or more immiscible liquids?

Answer 36

Separating Funnel.

Question 37

How would you separate two inks?

Answer 37

Chromatography.

Question 38

How would you separate two or more miscible liquids with different boiling points?

Answer 38

Simple Distillation.

Question 39

How would you separate two or more miscible liquids with similar boiling points?

Answer 39

Fractional Distillation.

Question 40

How would you separate a soluble solute and a solvent, but also keep the solvent?

Answer 40

Simple Distillation.

Question 41

Rf Value

Answer 41

Rf = Distance travelled by component / Distance travelled by solvent