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GCSE Chemistry > States of Matter > Flashcards

States of Matter Flashcards

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1
Q

What are properties of a solid?

A
  • Particles are very close together
  • Vibrate in fixed positions
  • Low energy
  • Hard to compress
  • Constant shape, mass and volume
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2
Q

What are properties of a liquid?

A
  • Particles are quite close together
  • Move slowly
  • Medium energy
  • Hard to compress
  • Constant mass and volume, but no fixed shape
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3
Q

What are properties of a gas?

A
  • Particles are far apart
  • Move quickly and randomly
  • High energy
  • Easy to compress
  • Constant mass, but no fixed shape or volume
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4
Q

Solid to Liquid

A

Melting

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5
Q

Liquid to Gas

A

Evaporation

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6
Q

Gas to Solid

A

Deposition/Desublimation

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7
Q

Gas to Liquid

A

Condensation

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8
Q

Solid to Gas

A

Sublimation

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9
Q

Liquid to Solid

A

Freezing

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10
Q

What is the difference between Evaporation and Boiling?

A

Evaporation happens at every temperature, boiling happens at a specific temperature (boiling point).

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11
Q

What is the similarity between Evaporation and Boiling?

A

They are both the change of state from liquid to gas.

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12
Q

Why does the temperature of a substance not change during a change of state?

A

Because the thermal energy is being used to break the forces.

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13
Q

What is diffusion?

A

The movement of particles from an area of high concentration to an area of lower concentration.

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14
Q

What does soluble mean?

A

A substance that can be dissolved.

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15
Q

What does insoluble mean?

A

A substance that cannot be dissolved.

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16
Q

What is a solute?

A

The solid that has been dissolved.

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17
Q

What is a solvent?

A

The liquid that the solid is dissolved into.

18
Q

What is a solution?

A

2 or more substances that have been dissolved with each other.

19
Q

What is a mixture?

A

2 or more substances that are mixed but not chemically combined.
It is an impure substance that could be elements/compounds/both, but with no fixed ratios.

20
Q

What does miscible mean?

A

Liquids that can mix together. (homogenous)

21
Q

What does immiscible mean?

A

Liquids that cannot mix together.

22
Q

Solubility equation

A

Solubility = mass of solute needed to make a saturated solution in 100cm³ of water.

23
Q

What is a saturated solution?

A

A solution which cannot dissolve any more solute.

24
Q

How does solubility change with temperature?

A

In a curve

                                    x
                                 x
                            x
                     x
          x x
25
Q

What is an element?

A

An element is a pure substance made up of one type of atom only. The atoms can be separate or molecules.

26
Q

What is a molecule?

A

A molecule is 2 or more atoms chemically combined. This can be an element or a compound.

27
Q

What is a compound?

A

A compound is a pure substance made of 2 or more different types of atoms chemically bonded. It must be a molecule.

28
Q

How does filtration work?

A
  • Put sand in a beaker with water, and stir to mix
  • Fold the filter paper in half twice, and place it in a funnel, in a conical flask
  • Pour the mixture in
  • The sand molecules are too large to fit through the holes in the filter paper, but the water can
  • The sand in the filter paper is called the residue, and the water is the filtrate.
29
Q

How does crystallisation work?

A
  • Put salt in a beaker with water, and stir until all the salt is dissolved
  • Pour the saltwater solution in an evaporating basin
  • Use a bunsen burner to evaporate all the water, leaving the crystallised salt.
30
Q

How does chromatography work?

A
  • Draw a line on the paper in pencil, 1cm above the bottom. Then put a spot of your mixture onto the line.
  • Put the paper in a beaker with some solvent (eg. water), ensuring the solvent’s level is below the pencil line
  • Solvent soaks up the paper
  • The pattern you get is called a chromatagram
  • The top spot is most soluble because it travelled the furthest
31
Q

How does a separating funnel work?

A
  • Open tap so the bottom liquid exits
  • Close tap to leave other liquid
32
Q

How does simple distillation work?

A
  • The solution is heated until the liquid with the lower boiling point evaporates
  • The gas travels into the condenser
  • Here it cools to condense and drip into the beaker, forming the distillate
  • The other liquid / the solid is left in the flask.
33
Q

How does fractional distillation work?

A
  • The solution is heated until the liquids evaporate
  • They travel to the fractionating column, which has a temperature gradient (hot at bottom, cold at top)
  • Repeated evaporation and condensation happens here
  • Liquid with the lowest boiling point reaches the top first, and travels to the condenser
  • Here it cools to condense and distills over
  • Once the thermometer at the top reaches the next substance’s boiling point, replace the beaker at the bottom.
34
Q

How would you separate a soluble solute and a solvent?

A

Crystallisation.

35
Q

How would you separate an insoluble solute and a solvent?

A

Filtration.

36
Q

How would you separate two or more immiscible liquids?

A

Separating Funnel.

37
Q

How would you separate two inks?

A

Chromatography.

38
Q

How would you separate two or more miscible liquids with different boiling points?

A

Simple Distillation.

39
Q

How would you separate two or more miscible liquids with similar boiling points?

A

Fractional Distillation.

40
Q

How would you separate a soluble solute and a solvent, but also keep the solvent?

A

Simple Distillation.

41
Q

Rf Value

A

Rf = Distance travelled by component / Distance travelled by solvent

GCSE Chemistry (13 decks)

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