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GCSE Chemistry > Organic Chemistry > Flashcards

Organic Chemistry Flashcards

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1
Q

What is Organic Chemistry?

A

The study of compounds with carbon. They can be long or short chains or rings of atoms.

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2
Q

What kind of bonds do molecules in organic chemistry have?

A

Covalent bonds

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3
Q

What is Crude oil?

A

A complex mixture of hydrocarbons. This substance has many uses once refined. It is a non - renewable energy resource, and is incredibly important.

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4
Q

How is crude oil formed?

A

Sea creatures die, and they fall to the sea bed. Layers of dead creatures form on the bottom, and sediment settles on top. This means the dead sea creatures become trapped. Heat and pressure act on them, and over millions of years, in the absence of oxygen, crude oil is formed

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5
Q

What are hydrocarbons?

A

Compounds that contain hydrogen and carbon atoms only.

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6
Q

What are features of a homologous series?

A
  • Each member differs by CH2
  • Members have similar chemical properties / reactions
  • Have the same functional group
  • Same general formula
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7
Q

What are alkanes?

A

The simplest family of hydrocarbons.

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8
Q

Are alkanes saturated, and why?

A

Yes, because they have single bonds.

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9
Q

Alkanes general formula

A

CnH2n+2

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10
Q

What are the first five alkanes?

A

Methane, Ethane, Propane, Butane, Pentane

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11
Q

What does the structural formula show?

A

All the atoms, and some bonds

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12
Q

What does the displayed formula show?

A

All the atoms, and all bonds

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13
Q

What does the molecular formula show?

A

All the atoms in the molecule, but no bonds

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14
Q

What is the molecular formula of methane?

A

CH4

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15
Q

What is the molecular formula of ethane?

A

C2H6

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16
Q

What is the molecular formula of propane?

A

C3H8

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17
Q

What is the molecular formula of butane?

A

C4H10

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18
Q

What is the molecular formula of pentane?

A

C5H12

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19
Q

What are substitution reactions?

A

Alkanes are saturated, and do not react at room temperature, but they do react with halogens in UV light. A hydrogen atom is replaced by a halogen atom, so is substituted.

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20
Q

What is an example of a substitution reaction?

A

Methane + Bromine –> Bromoethane + Hydrogen Bromide
H H
I I
H - C - H + Br - Br –> H - C - H + H - Br
I I
H H

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21
Q

What are isomers?

A

Compounds with the same molecular formula but different sturctural formulae.

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22
Q

How do you name isomers?

A

Use the longest continuous chain for the ending (eg. butane)
For each branch, state which number the carbon atom is on (eg. 2-methyl)

(FOR ALKENES: state which number the double bond is on (eg. but-1-ene)

so:
H H H H
I I I I
H - C - C - C - C - H
I I I I
H I H H
H - C - H
I
H
is 2-methyl butane
and:
H H H H
I I I I
H - C = C - C - C - H
I I I I
H I H H
H - C - H
I
H
is 2-methyl but-1-ene

23
Q

What are alkenes?

A

A different homologous series, that are unsaturated hydrocarbons, and have at least one double bond.

24
Q

What is the general formula for alkenes?

A

CnH2n

25
Q

What are the first four alkenes?

A

Ethene, Propene, But-1-ene, Pent-1-ene

26
Q

Why does methene not exist?

A

Because there would be only one carbon atom, and hydrogen atoms cannot form double bonds.

27
Q

Why do you say but-1-ene and pent-1-ene?

A

To show the double bond is on the first carbon atom.

28
Q

What is an addition reaction?

A

Alkenes are unsaturated, so can react with other elements at room temperature. Part of the C=C double bond breaks to form a C-C single bond, and the electrons join on to other atoms.

29
Q

What is an example of an addition reaction?

A

Ethene + Bromine –> 1,2-dibromoethane
H H H H
\ / I I
C = C + Br-Br –> H - C - C - H
/ \ I I
H H Br Br

30
Q

How is crude oil refined?

A

It is vapourised and pumped into the bottom of a fractionating column, which has a temperature gradient. As the oil rises, it cools and condenses.

31
Q

What are the six main refined useful parts of crude oil?

A
  • Refinery gases
  • Petrol
  • Kerosene
  • Diesel
  • Heavy duty fuel oil
  • Bitumen
32
Q

What are refinery gases used for?

A

Domestic heating and cooking

33
Q

What is petrol used for?

A

Car fuel

34
Q

What is kerosene used for?

A

Airplane fuel

35
Q

What is diesel used for?

A

Powering trains and some cars

36
Q

What is heavy duty fuel oil used for?

A

Powers ships and power stations

37
Q

What is bitumen used for?

A

Surfacing roads and roofs

38
Q

Do large chain molecules condense near the bottom or top?

A

Bottom, as they have high boiling points

39
Q

Do light fractions (small chain molecules) condense near the bottom or top?

A

Top, because they have lower boiling points

40
Q

What is a fraction?

A

A mixture of similarly-sized hydrocarbons with similar boiling points.

41
Q

What are most common hydrocarbons found in crude oil?

A

Alkanes

42
Q

What hydrocarbons are saturated?

A

Alkanes

43
Q

What is cracking used for?

A

Most fractions from distilling crude oil are not useful, and we usually need smaller ones (eg. petrol). So the large chain molecules that we have more than we need of are broken into smaller, more useful ones.

44
Q

What conditions are needed for cracking?

A
  • 700°C (high temperatures)
  • Catalysts
45
Q

What is a catalyst used in catalytic cracking?

A

Aluminium oxide

46
Q

What is cracking?

A

The thermal decomposition of compounds in order to break them down into smaller molecules.

47
Q

What two products does Cracking produce?

A

One alkene and one or multiple alkanes.

48
Q

When hydrocarbons burn in oxygen, what do they produce?

A

Water vapour, Carbon dioxide and energy.

49
Q

What kind of a reaction is combustion?

A

An oxidation reaction, because oxygen is added to each reactant.

50
Q

What is produced in incomplete combustion instead of CO2?

A

Either CO or even C.

51
Q

Why does incomplete combustion occur?

A

If there is a short supply of oxygen.

52
Q

What is the chemical test for H2O?

A

Add some clue cobalt chloride paper, and it goes pink.
OR
Add white copper sulphate and it goes blue.

53
Q

What is the chemical test for CO2?

A

Bubble through limewater, and it goes cloudy.

GCSE Chemistry (13 decks)

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