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Psych 101 Midterm 2 > States of Consciousness: Lecture 14 > Flashcards

States of Consciousness: Lecture 14 Flashcards

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1
Q

Describe the diagnostic criteria for substance use disorders

A

impaired control, physical dependence, social problems and risky use

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2
Q

What are withdrawal symptoms often the opposite of?

A

the effects of the drug

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3
Q

What is the general path people take to become addicted to alcohol?

A

people get a psychological reliance on alcohol to affect mood, alcohol abuse often starts as a psychological addiction which then leads to a physical addiction

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4
Q

What are the 5 categories of drugs?

A

Anti-Psychotics
Depressants
Opioids
Stimulants
Hallucinogens

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5
Q

What are antipsychotics used for?

A

given to help deal with hallucinations

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6
Q

What are Anti psychotics?

A

Haldol

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7
Q

What are depressants used for?

A

Reduce neural activity in your brain

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8
Q

What are examples of depressants?

A

alcohol and marijuana

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9
Q

What are opioids used for?

A

work on reward centres in our brain

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10
Q

What are examples of opiods?

A

Heroin, Methadone, codeine

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11
Q

What are stimulants used for?

A

increase neural activity

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12
Q

What are examples of stimulants?

A

Cocaine, amphetamines

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13
Q

What are hallucinogens used for?

A

Altered reality

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14
Q

What are exmaples of hallucinogens?

A

Mushrooms, LSD, PCP

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15
Q

What affect do depressants have?

A

a sedative calming effect

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16
Q

What do depressants suppress?

A

The central nervous system

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17
Q

How do the effects of alcohol escalate?

A

alcohol starts off as resulting in reduced stress, as time goes on it becomes difficult to speak, depresses the frontal cortex. Only able to use simple solutions to complex problems

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18
Q

In high doses what can a depressant do?

A

induce sleep, stop breathing

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19
Q

What is the best known example of a depressant?

A

Alcohol

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20
Q

What do many deppresants work as agonists for?

A

GABA (inhibitory transmitter), calms down activity in the brain

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21
Q

What system does cocaine work on?

A

Dopamine system

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22
Q

What neurotransmitter does caffeine work on?

A

adenosine

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23
Q

What neurotransmitter does nicotine work on?

A

acetylcholine

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24
Q

What neurotransmitter do amphetamines work on?

A

norepinepherine

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25
Q

What are the effects of stimulants

A

work on your reward systems and arousal causing euphoric high

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26
Q

What is methamphetamine synthesized from?

A

synthesized from over the counter pseudoephedrine

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27
Q

What do stimulants deplete?

A

dopamine, norepinepherine, seratonin

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28
Q

What spark further substance use?

A

stimulants

29
Q

How does cocaine deplete dopamine?

A

cocaine may mimic the effects fo dopamine so your brain produces less dopamine because it thinks it already has enough

30
Q

Is there a difference in addictiveness between powder coke and crack?

A

no

31
Q

What was being in possession of crack more of a crime?

A

more prevalent in black communities because it was cheaper. This was used as an excuse to imprison black people.

32
Q

Whats the sentence for 500g of cocaine?

A

5 years

33
Q

Whats the sentence for 5 grams of cocaine?

A

5 years

34
Q

What policy on crack did barack obama introduce? What year?

A

Fairer sentencing act (2010)

35
Q

What policy on crack was itroduced to allow criminals to be retried? What year?

A

smarter sentencing act (2014)

36
Q

What do opioids do?

A

reduce pain (analgesic)

37
Q

what do opioids work on?

A

your natural opioid system

38
Q

what are examples of opioids?

A

Heroine and fentanyl

39
Q

What are the chances of opioid abuse?

A

very high

40
Q

What does opioid withdraw resemble? Is it deadly?

A

The flu and it is not super life threatening (less so than alcohol withdrawal)

41
Q

Do hallucinogens have a high abuse potential?

A

not compared to other drugs

42
Q

What is a runners high?

A

you put your body in enough stress that you are releasing endorphines

43
Q

what do hallucinogens activate?

A

Glutamate recpetors (found in 95% of the brain)

44
Q

Why are hallucinogens used in traditional ceremonies?

A

used to talk to the ancestors, dissolves egocentrism, you as a person feel less significant, you feel a oneness with the world

45
Q

What produce the most extreme alterations of consciousness?

A

hallucinogens

46
Q

What are examples of hallucinogens?

A

LSD, psilocybin, phencylidine

47
Q

what can hallucinogens have healing effects on?

A

depression

48
Q

What can hallucinogens have epigenetic effects on?

A

psychological disorders (schizophrenia) can cause manic episodes, psychotic breaks etc.

49
Q

How do hallucinogens help treat depression (hint: default mode network)

A

Default mode network in your brain comes on when you’re in a state of relaxation, the more active, the more your mind wanders. This relates to depression as people experience egoism more meaning they think about how bad they are etc. After taking hallucinogens the default mode becomes more relaxed, lessening the effects of depression

50
Q

What are the dissociative and socio cognitive perspectives on hypnosis?

A

socio cognitive argues that the experience of effortlessness in hypnosis results from participant’s motivated tendencies to interpret hypnotic suggestions as not requiring active planning and effort.

Dissociative hypnosis is effectively a dissociated state of consciousness

51
Q

Can people be hypnotized?

A

Hypnosis is not like it is in the movies, it seems to be getting people into a state of consciousness where they are open to suggestion.

52
Q

What brain waves are associated with meditation?

A

Gamma waves

53
Q

Do people who meditate experience n altered state of consciousness?

A

not for beginners but it is for well-practiced meditators

54
Q

Do peopel who meditate experience increased or decreased brain activity?

A
55
Q

What is hypnosis?

A

where one person makes suggestions that lead to a change in another person’s subjective experience of the world

56
Q

what can hypnosis lead to?

A

a dissociation of consciousness. It splits your physical and conscious experiences of something. Think of Hilgard study.

57
Q

What did hilgard do?

A

hypnotized participants to not feel pain, then asked them to put their hand in cold ice water, they could push a button if they felt pain.

58
Q

What were the results of hilgard’s study?

A

Participants did not report feeling pain but did push the button

59
Q

What can hypnosis be effective for?

A

Pain management

60
Q

Who does hypnosis work on?

A

highly suceptible people

61
Q

What is the socio-cognitive theory?

A

beleives people perform a social role

62
Q

Where does meditation have its roots?

A

religion

63
Q

What does meditation help with? Why?

A

mood disorders becuase it reduces activation in the defualt mode network

64
Q

What does mediation do?

A
  • reduces activation of the stress pathways
  • reduces telemore shortenign
  • stress managemnt and sleep quality
  • increases workign memory
65
Q

what are gamma waves associated with?

A

insight, peak focus, expanded consciousness

66
Q

What are beta waves associated with?

A

Alertness, concentration, cognition

67
Q

What are alpha waves associated with?

A

relaxation, visualization, creativity

68
Q

What are theta waves associated with?

A

meditation intuition, memory

Psych 101 Midterm 2 (6 decks)

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