Sensation and Perception: Lecture 11

Question 1

How do Gestalt principles help us in the real world?

Answer 1

humans group similar elements, recognize patterns and simplify complex images when we perceive objects

Question 2

What are the 7 gestalt principles?

Answer 2

simplicity, closure, continuity, similarity, proximity, common fate, figure-ground

Question 3

What are the gestalt principles?

Answer 3

principles of perceptual organization

Question 4

What are principles of perceptual organization?

Answer 4

principles that help us understand how the brain percieves pieces of information as a whole

Question 5

What is simplicity?

Answer 5

We select the simplest/most likely interpretation of an object’s shape

Question 6

What is closure?

Answer 6

Our brains fill in missing info

Question 7

What is continuity?

Answer 7

Same orientation- grouped together (good continuity)

Question 8

What is similarity?

Answer 8

regions of similar colour, lightness, shape, texture belong to the same group

Question 9

What is proximity?

Answer 9

Objects that are close together are seen as belonging to the same group

Question 10

What is the law of common fate?

Answer 10

Elements that move together are perceived as part of a single object

Question 11

Define the different parts of the ear

Answer 11

inner ear, middle ear, inner ear.

Question 12

How is sound transduced into an action potential?

Answer 12

Stapes hits the oval window, those vibrations turn into waves in the water, it then brushes over some hairs in our cochlea

Question 13

How do we percieve pitch?

Answer 13

Through temporal and place theory (working together)

Question 14

What are the three ossicles in the ear?

Answer 14

Malious, incus, stapes

Question 15

Where is the medial geniculate body?

Answer 15

In the thalamus

Question 16

What does the medial geniculate body do?

Answer 16

picks up auditory signals and redirect them to the temporal lobe

Question 17

What membrane is inside of the cochlea?

Answer 17

Basilar membrane

Question 18

What is the process that happens in the basilar membrane?

Answer 18

has tiny hairs that vibrate, underneath this membrane the transduction happens then the information is picked up…

Question 19

What are the 2 theories for how we perceive pitch?

Answer 19

Temporal Theory and Place Theory

Question 20

What is the temporal theory of hearing?

Answer 20

The nuerons fire at the tempo of the sound waves. The tempo at which the hairs move directly translates to the frequency of the sounds we hear.

Question 21

What happens during temporal theory?

Answer 21

Sound waves stimulate the hair cells 200Hz stimulates a hair cell 200 tines per second. This information is sent to the temporal lobe. The higher the pitch, the more waves, The more water moves.

Question 22

What are the physical limitations of the temporal theory of hearing?

Answer 22

a nueron can only fire so many times per second

Question 23

What is Place theory?

Answer 23

We hear frequencies above the physical limitations by where on the basilar membrane the hair is being stimulated.

Question 24

What 2 systems do we use to perceive pitch?

Answer 24

up to 400 hz we use both place and temporal hearing theory. Above this, we rely solely on place theory.

Question 25

How do we locate things in sound space?

Answer 25

binaural cues and monaural cues

Question 26

What do monaural cues rely on? How does this work?

Answer 26

the pinna. It collects sound. They are all subtle cues on how it folds in our ears which affects how we translate sounds in the inner ear.

Question 27

How do binaural cues work?

Answer 27

There's a slight difference in which ear recieves the information first. The sound on the far ear is a little more degraded.

Question 28

What are the reasons hearing loss occurs?

Answer 28

Congenital, disease, exposure to loud sounds for prolonged periods, exposure to sudden loud noises

Question 29

what is conductive hearing loss?

Answer 29

Mechanic failure, tympanic membrane, ossicles remedied by hearing aids

Question 30

What is sensorineural hearing loss?

Answer 30

Any disruption of neural signals form the cochlea to the brain, damage to the nerve, reduced function of the hairs, remedied by cochlear implant

Question 31

What is the pinna responsible for? What type of function does it have?

Answer 31

catching sound and redirecting it down into the middle ear. Structural function

Question 32

What is the middle ear known as?

Answer 32

The ear canal

Question 33

What is found at the end of the ear canal?

Answer 33

the tympanic membrane (ear drum)

Question 34

What does the tympanic membrane connect to?

Answer 34

The 3 smallest bones in the human body. The maleous, the incus and the stapes.

Question 35

How do sound waves travel through the ear?

Answer 35

sound waves come and hit against the tympanic membrane which causes it to vibrate. The maleous then starts to vibrate, the incus then starts to vibrate, the stapes then starts to vibrate

Question 36

What are the stapes connected to?

Answer 36

the oval window

Question 37

What does sound start as?

Answer 37

pressure differentials in the air

Question 38

What is the oval window connected to?

Answer 38

the cochlea

Question 39

What is the cochlea filled with?

Answer 39

fluid

Question 40

What happens when the stapes vibrates against the oval window?

Answer 40

They create physical waves in the fluid in your ear this causes the tiny hairs in the cochlea to vibrate back and forth. This physical vibrating movement is picked up by the body and turned into an action potential.

Question 41

Where does the body pick up the physical vibrating movement in the cochlea?

Answer 41

at the bottom of the hairs

Question 42

Where does the auditory nerve go?

Answer 42

To our thalamus

Question 43

What are the semicircular canals involved in?

Answer 43

balance and movement

Question 44

Where does the sound go after leaving the auditory nerve?

Answer 44

to the thalamus

Question 45

Where is the medial geniculate body? WHat does it do?

Answer 45

In the thalamus. Picks up that we are getting signals from the ear and send it to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe.

Question 46

What acts as an amplifier in the ear?

Answer 46

the ossicles. Amplify the sound 22 times louder

Question 47

Where are the hairs in the cochlea?

Answer 47

on the basila membrane

Question 48

Where do low sounds stimulate on the cochlea?

Answer 48

at the tip