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Psych 101 Midterm 2 > Sensation and Perception: Lecture 11 > Flashcards

Sensation and Perception: Lecture 11 Flashcards

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1
Q

How do Gestalt principles help us in the real world?

A

humans group similar elements, recognize patterns and simplify complex images when we perceive objects

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2
Q

What are the 7 gestalt principles?

A

simplicity, closure, continuity, similarity, proximity, common fate, figure-ground

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3
Q

What are the gestalt principles?

A

principles of perceptual organization

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4
Q

What are principles of perceptual organization?

A

principles that help us understand how the brain percieves pieces of information as a whole

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5
Q

What is simplicity?

A

We select the simplest/most likely interpretation of an object’s shape

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6
Q

What is closure?

A

Our brains fill in missing info

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7
Q

What is continuity?

A

Same orientation- grouped together (good continuity)

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8
Q

What is similarity?

A

regions of similar colour, lightness, shape, texture belong to the same group

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9
Q

What is proximity?

A

Objects that are close together are seen as belonging to the same group

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10
Q

What is the law of common fate?

A

Elements that move together are perceived as part of a single object

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11
Q

Define the different parts of the ear

A

inner ear, middle ear, inner ear.

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12
Q

How is sound transduced into an action potential?

A

Stapes hits the oval window, those vibrations turn into waves in the water, it then brushes over some hairs in our cochlea

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13
Q

How do we percieve pitch?

A

Through temporal and place theory (working together)

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14
Q

What are the three ossicles in the ear?

A

Malious, incus, stapes

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15
Q

Where is the medial geniculate body?

A

In the thalamus

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16
Q

What does the medial geniculate body do?

A

picks up auditory signals and redirect them to the temporal lobe

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17
Q

What membrane is inside of the cochlea?

A

Basilar membrane

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18
Q

What is the process that happens in the basilar membrane?

A

has tiny hairs that vibrate, underneath this membrane the transduction happens then the information is picked up…

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19
Q

What are the 2 theories for how we perceive pitch?

A

Temporal Theory and Place Theory

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20
Q

What is the temporal theory of hearing?

A

The nuerons fire at the tempo of the sound waves. The tempo at which the hairs move directly translates to the frequency of the sounds we hear.

21
Q

What happens during temporal theory?

A

Sound waves stimulate the hair cells 200Hz stimulates a hair cell 200 tines per second. This information is sent to the temporal lobe. The higher the pitch, the more waves, The more water moves.

22
Q

What are the physical limitations of the temporal theory of hearing?

A

a nueron can only fire so many times per second

23
Q

What is Place theory?

A

We hear frequencies above the physical limitations by where on the basilar membrane the hair is being stimulated.

24
Q

What 2 systems do we use to perceive pitch?

A

up to 400 hz we use both place and temporal hearing theory. Above this, we rely solely on place theory.

25
Q

How do we locate things in sound space?

A

binaural cues and monaural cues

26
Q

What do monaural cues rely on? How does this work?

A

the pinna. It collects sound. They are all subtle cues on how it folds in our ears which affects how we translate sounds in the inner ear.

27
Q

How do binaural cues work?

A

There’s a slight difference in which ear recieves the information first. The sound on the far ear is a little more degraded.

28
Q

What are the reasons hearing loss occurs?

A

Congenital, disease, exposure to loud sounds for prolonged periods, exposure to sudden loud noises

29
Q

what is conductive hearing loss?

A

Mechanic failure, tympanic membrane, ossicles remedied by hearing aids

30
Q

What is sensorineural hearing loss?

A

Any disruption of neural signals form the cochlea to the brain, damage to the nerve, reduced function of the hairs, remedied by cochlear implant

31
Q

What is the pinna responsible for? What type of function does it have?

A

catching sound and redirecting it down into the middle ear. Structural function

32
Q

What is the middle ear known as?

A

The ear canal

33
Q

What is found at the end of the ear canal?

A

the tympanic membrane (ear drum)

34
Q

What does the tympanic membrane connect to?

A

The 3 smallest bones in the human body. The maleous, the incus and the stapes.

35
Q

How do sound waves travel through the ear?

A

sound waves come and hit against the tympanic membrane which causes it to vibrate. The maleous then starts to vibrate, the incus then starts to vibrate, the stapes then starts to vibrate

36
Q

What are the stapes connected to?

A

the oval window

37
Q

What does sound start as?

A

pressure differentials in the air

38
Q

What is the oval window connected to?

A

the cochlea

39
Q

What is the cochlea filled with?

A

fluid

40
Q

What happens when the stapes vibrates against the oval window?

A

They create physical waves in the fluid in your ear this causes the tiny hairs in the cochlea to vibrate back and forth. This physical vibrating movement is picked up by the body and turned into an action potential.

41
Q

Where does the body pick up the physical vibrating movement in the cochlea?

A

at the bottom of the hairs

42
Q

Where does the auditory nerve go?

A

To our thalamus

43
Q

What are the semicircular canals involved in?

A

balance and movement

44
Q

Where does the sound go after leaving the auditory nerve?

A

to the thalamus

45
Q

Where is the medial geniculate body? WHat does it do?

A

In the thalamus. Picks up that we are getting signals from the ear and send it to the primary auditory cortex in the temporal lobe.

46
Q

What acts as an amplifier in the ear?

A

the ossicles. Amplify the sound 22 times louder

47
Q

Where are the hairs in the cochlea?

A

on the basila membrane

48
Q

Where do low sounds stimulate on the cochlea?

A

at the tip

Psych 101 Midterm 2 (6 decks)

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