States of Consciousness Flashcards
1
Q
What is consciousness?
A
Our awareness of objects and events in the external world, and our sensations, mental experiences and own existence at any given moment.
2
Q
what are the characteristics of consciousness? (4)
A
Personal: subjective understanding of internal and external world- individual.
Selective: choose to attend to some things and ignore others. Can voluntary shift attention.
Continuous: never a time without consciousness.
Changing: new information coming into awareness.
3
Q
what is a psychological construct?
A
A concept that is ‘constructed’. Believed to occur. Cannot directly observe it. An abstract concept. can’t see but know it exists.
4
Q
what are the categories of consciousness?
A
ASC and NWC
5
Q
what is NWC?
A
Being awake and aware in the world and one’s sensations, mental experiences and existence.
6
Q
what is ASC? what are two types?
A
Distinctly different from normal in awareness and experience.
Natural: day dreaming and sleep.
Induced: meditation, hypnosis, alcohol and drugs.
7
Q
what is attention?
A
Is a concentration of mental activity that involves focusing on a specific stimulus while ignoring and excluding others.
8
Q
attention is NWC and ASC?
A
Focused or selective attention: high levels of awareness and in NWC. True for some ASC (drug-induced).
In NWC we can also divide attention.
9
Q
define selective attention?
A
the ability to redirect our attention focus to a specific or limited range of stimuli while ignoring others.
10
Q
what is divided attention?
A
simultaneously forces on two or more stimuli, or simultaneously takes on two or more tasks.
11
Q
compare cognitive content of NWC and ASC
A
the content or type of information held in NWC is more restricted or limited than when in ASC. Can exercise control over thoughts. Can use selective attention to block unpleasant or embarrassing thoughts.
Content in NWC is more organised and logical.
Content in ASC is more illogical, irrational, scrambled and bizarre.
12
Q
what are controlled processes?
A
ones that use higher levels of attention, awareness and concentration eg. Computer games, maths, learning to drive. Use high mental effort, individual actively focuses attention. Usually used to complete new or difficult activities.
13
Q
what are automatic processes?
A
low levels of concentration, awareness or mental effort. Do not interferer with performance on other tasks.
14
Q
compare processes in ASC and NWC
A
NWC: awareness is higher, controlled processes are more likely.
ASC: lower awareness of internal or external environment. Controlled processes are more difficult to achieve.
15
Q
compare memory in ASC and NWC?
A
Selective attention is used to manage the amount of info we determine as relevant.
Memory is efficient and effective during NWC.
During ASC it is poorer.
16
Q
compare time limitations of ASC and NWC
A
Perception of time is usually more accurate in NWC. Time may go fast or quick in ASC.
17
Q
compare perceptions in NWC and ASC
A
Distortions of perceptions:
ASC: dulled or blunted or sharpened, can lose sense of identity, may feel “outside” themselves- psychotic state, pain is usually dulled compared to NWC.
18
Q
compare emotions in ASC and NWC
A
Changes in emotional feeling:
Emotions are often distorted in ASC.
May be intensified, blunted or inappropriate.
19
Q
compare control in NWC and ASC
A
Risk taking and control of inhibitions.
Control of physical coordination and control.
All control is lessened in ASC.
20
Q
what are examples of ASC?
A
meditative state, daydreaming, hypnotic state and alcohol induced state
21
Q
what is the meditative state? what is it used for?
A
Deliberate.
Characterised by deep physical and mental relaxation.
Used for pain control- reduces physiological arousal.
22
Q
what is daydreaming? when are people more likely to do it?
A
Voluntary shifting of attention from external stimuli to internal thoughts and feelings. More likely to when: not moving Alone Doing routine, boring activities Waiting to fall asleep Travelling on public transport
23
Q
what is hypnotic state? what is it for?
A
Alleviate pain.
Brings about an ASC.
Deep relaxation, and sleep-like state.
Very susceptible to suggestions made by hypnotist.
24
Q
what is an alcohol induced state?
A
Enters gastrointestinal tract without digestion, entering blood quickly.
Alcohol is a psychoactive drug- chemicals that change awareness, perceptions and moods.
A depressant- slows down NS.
25
how do alcohol intoxication and sleep deprivation compare?
Performance on a variety of cognitive tasks after 17 hours (sustained wakefulness) was as bad as having 0.05% BAC (legal driving limit).
Performance after 24 hours was like 0.1% BAC.
26
what was the aim of the SD/A experiment?
effects of moderate sleep deprivation on a range of cognitive tasks.
27
why was alcohol used to compare?
Alcohol is a good standard for other tests too- easily understood index.
28
what activities are most vulnerable to fatigue?
Activities that are complex, high in work load, relatively monotonous and need continuous attention are most vulnerable to fatigue.
29
how many participants? what ages? how sources? how were they chosen?
60 participants
19-26
Advertisements around local universities.
Volunteers had to do a general health questionnaire and a sleep/wake diary.
Participants with current health problems and a history of psychiatric of sleep disorders were excluded.
Smokers and people with medication that reacted with alcohol were excluded.
Participants were social drinkers who did not regularly have more than 6 standard drinks a week.
30
who did the Comparing the effects of neurobehavioral performance: sustained wakefulness verses alcohol intoxication- Study
Nicole Campbell and Drew Cunningham, Journal of Sleep, Volume 69, pages 100-105
31
what were the five tasks?
Task 1: response speed. Had to watch a computer screen and left click when the colour went from white to red. Was measured in milliseconds and tested 25 times.
task 2: hand-eye coordination/accuracy of response. Watched a computer and preformed a tracking task using joy stick by entering the cursor on a constantly moving target. Percentage of time on the target was measured. 25 trials.
Task 3: decision making. Given 10 logical problems ranging from easy to hard. Measured in correct and incorrect.
Task 4 and 5: measuring memory (short and long term). Placed in front of a computer and words were presented at a rate of 1 were per 3 seconds. There were 25 words. They had to recall after 20 seconds (STM) and 20 minutes (LTM). Accuracy for time 1 and 2 were measured.
32
what was the procedure?
Participants were randomly assigned to groups- alcohol intoxication, placebo condition and sustained wakefulness.
Reported to lab at 8pm the night prior.
Prior to going to bed at 11, they completed additional practice trials on each task.
Woken at 7am and at 8am they had to start baseline testing.
33
what happened in the alcohol intoxication condition?
Completed a performance session hourly.
Following 9am testing session, each had to have an alcoholic beverage consisting of 40% vodka and a non-caffeinated soft drink at half hourly intervals.
After 20 minutes BAC was tested using a breath test.
When BAC reached 0.10%, no more alcohol was given.
Participants were not told of their BAC
34
what happened in the placebo condition?
Identical to alcohol condition.
Had rim of glasses dripped with ethanol to give the impression of alcohol.
To ensure blindness remained, approximately equal numbers in every lab session had alcohol and the placebo.
35
what happened in the sustained wakefulness condition?
Derived of sleep fro one night.
Completed performance testing every hour.
In between sessions they could read, write, watch TV or talk.
They could not exercise, shower or bath.
Caffeine was not allowed the night before or during experimental conditions.
36
what were the statistical analysis?
Evaluation of systematic changes in each performance parameter across time (hours of wakefulness) or BAC were assessed separately by repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA).
37
what is a conscious response?
A reaction to sensory stimuli that involves awareness.
Voluntary- walking, waling etc.
Involve the brain and somatic NS.
38
what is an unconscious response?
A reaction to sensory stimuli that does not involve awareness.
Involuntary- secretion of hormones etc.
Involve the autonomic NS.
Do not require direct command from the brain.
39
what is a reflex?
An automatic involuntary behaviour that does not require prior experience and occurs in the same way each time.
40
what is a spinal reflex?
An unconscious, involuntary and automatically occurring response to a certain without any involvement of the brain.
Spinal reflex and other reflexes are called the reflex arc.
41
what are the steps of the spinal reflex?
Sensory neurones detect the stimuli and send the information to the spinal cord.
The interneurones in the spinal cord receive the sensory information and connect with the motor neurones to initiate a response.
The motor neurones carry the response back to the body part.
The reflex action occurs.
While the reflex is occurring, the sensory information has travelled from the spinal cord to the brain for processing.
The brain processes the sensory information for the sensation to be ‘felt’.
42
what are precautions of measuring consciousness?
Can only measure physiological changes not psychological so just a guide.
43
how should consciousness be measured? (6)
EEG, EMG, EOG, speed and accuracy on cognitive tasks and subjective reporting including sleep diaries and video monitoring.
44
what is an EEG?
Electroencephalograph.
| Detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of the brain in the form of brainwaves.
45
what are beta waves? when do they occur?
low amplitude and high frequency.
During alertness and intensive mental activity during NWC.
During tension, anxiety, threat and fear.
Beta during REM are irregular.
46
what are alpha brain waves? when do they occur?
High frequency.
Slightly larger than beta.
During a deeply relaxed state such as meditating.
47
what are theta waves? when do they occur?
Medium frequency.
High amplitude and low amplitude.
States 1 and 2 and when drowsy.
48
what are delta brain waves? when do they occur?
Low frequency.
High altitude.
Deepest stages of sleep (3 and 4).
49
define frequency
number of brain waves per second. High when the brain is active.
50
define amplitude
describes intensity (height) of brainwaves.
51
what are advantages of an EEG?
Provides overall information about brain activity.
real time.
non-invasive.
Used to diagnose and study brain-related medical conditions- damage, neurological disorders, epilepsy (uncontrollable bursts of brain activity).
52
what are limitations of EEGs?
Poorly measures neural activity that occurs below the outer layer of the brain (the cortex).
Does not provide detailed knowledge about what brain areas are activated especially under the cortex.
Multiple electrodes are put over a large area of the brain so it is hard to pinpoint where the activity is from.
The strength of the electrical activity is reduced after travelling through the skull.
Only provides a summary of the neurones firing in different areas fo the brain.
53
what are drugs and what can they do?
Drug: substance that changes physical and or mental functioning.
Stimulate or depress the NS.
They exert their effects by influencing specific neurotransmitter, receptors or by chemically altering neural functions in other ways.
54
how are the effects of drugs changed?
Type
Dose and potency
Personal characteristics- weight, physiology, sex, age, health and wellbeing, prior use, personality, mood, expectations.
Method of admin
When administrated- day or night
Whether others were taken
Context eg. Alone or with others, social or medical.
55
what do stimulants do to CNS functioning?
increased
56
what do stimulants do to arousal?
increased
57
what are examples of stimulants? (5)
Caffeine, nicotine, amphetamines, cocaine, ecstacy
58
how do stimulants alter consciousness?
May alter attention, mood, emotional awareness, self-control, time orientation, memory, judgement, decision making and other cognitive processes
59
what side effects do stimulants have?
"‘speed crash’- follows the high and leaves feeling nauseous, irritable, depressed and exhausted for days.
High and frequent doses of amphetamine can cause amphetamine psychosis- hallucinations, paranoid delusions and out of character aggressive or violent behaviour."
60
what brain waves do stimulants cause?
"Increase in higher frequency and decrease in lower frequency
Increased beta and decreased delta, alpha and theta"
61
what do depressants do to CNS functioning?
decrease
62
what do depressants do to arousal?
decrease
63
what are examples of depressants?
Benzodiazepines, barbiturates, opiates: herion, morphine, codeine, alcohol
64
how do depressants also consciousness?
Loss of self control is common, can feel less inhibited and more relaxed (smaller doses), multiply the effects of other CNS depressants.
65
what are side effects of depressants?
Can cause unconsciousness or death.
66
what are brain waves caused by depressants?
"An increase in lower frequency activity and decrease in higher frequency activity
A pattern of reduced beta wave activity and increased delta, alphas and theta activity"
67
what is an EOG? what does it do? how does what it detects change and when?
Electro-oculograph (EOG)
EOG: detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of the muscles that control eye movements.
Awake: high levels of electrical activity as eyes are moving to take in stimuli.
1-4 stages of NREM sleep: decrease in electrical activity, less movement.
REM: high level of electrical activity.
68
what is an EMG? what does it do? how does what it read change?
Electromyograph (EMG)
EMG: detects, amplifies and records the electrical activity of muscle.
Awake: high levels of electrical activity- muscles being used.
NREM: less electrical activity.
REM: no electrical activity at all.
69
what are cognitive tasks?
tasks that require mental processes and that have an easily specified correct outcome. The speed and accuracy are two measurements used with these tasks.
70
in cognitive tasks, how can speed be measured?
Reaction time to a stimulus.
| Measured in milliseconds (usually).
71
In cognitive tasks, how can accuracy be measured?
Number of correct responses and incorrect responses made by an individual.
72
what are methods of subjective reporting?
Subjective: based on opinion, interpretation, POV, judgement.
Can be biased and inaccurate.
video monitering and sleep diaries
73
what are sleep diaries and what do they measure?
```
Sleep diary: self-reporting to measure sleeping and waking time activities usually over weeks.
Time going to bed.
Time of sleep.
Number and length of times awake.
Time waking up.
How rested they feel.
How tired they feel.
medications, stimulants or depressants taken.
Diet
```
74
what is video monitoring and what does it measure?
Video monitoring: used to study sleep and sleep disturbances or disorders.
Sleep labs or sleep centres have cameras.
Footage examined by professionals.
Observed responses:
changes in position.
Tossing and turning
Sleep-related breathing problems.
What happens when waking from nightmare or night terror.
Behaviours associated with sleep walking.
75
what is sleep? what does the sleep-wake cycle follow?
Regularly occurring ASC that typically occurs spontaneously and is primarily characterised by a loss of consciousness that typically occurs spontaneously and is primarily characterised by loss of conscious awareness.
sleep-wake cycle follows a cicada rhythm.
76
what is a circadian rhythm? what is another example?
A biological rhythm that involves changes in body functions that occur as part of a cycle with a duration of about 24 hours.
Body temperature: highest around 4.30 and lower around 4.30am.
77
how does the sleep-wake cycle follow a circadian rhythm?
Sleep-wake cycle follows patterns or cues of light and dark.
Suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) (in hypothalamus) recipes info on level of environmental light.
Info travels to pineal gland and the secretion of melatonin is adjusted to influence alertness and drowsiness.
Darkness: increase in melatonin (drowsiness)
Light: decrease in melatonin (alertness).
78
how does sleep wake cycle change without light cues?
In environments with no natural light, the circadian sleep cycle tends to be 25 hours- go to bed later.
With natural light it is 24 hours.
79
what are zeitgerbers?
environmental time cues to help entrain body clock back to 24 hours.
80
what is an ultradian rhythm? what are examples?
Changes in bodily functions or activities that occur as part of the cycle shorter than 24 hours.
Egs: heartbeat, respiration, hunger, secretion of hormones, neurotransmitters, alertness
81
how long is an ultradian sleep cycle and how many a night?
Sleep cycle has two types: REM and NREM.
Sleep cycle is completed once a person has experienced both.
Cycle is about 90mins and will have about 4-5 cycles a night.
82
how does melatonin work throughout the night?
Melatonin secretion starts 2-3 hours before bed, triggered by darkness and inhibited by light.
Melatonin in bloodstream peaks in the middle of the night and decreases towards morning.
83
how does ratio of REM and NREM change in the night?
As the night moves on there is more REM and less NREM.
84
what happens in stage 1 NREM? what does it feel like? how long? waking? HR, RR, muscles? brain waves? characteristics? what is reported if woken?
```
Lightest stage, just dozing.
2-10 minutes
Easily awakened.
Heart rate and breathing state to slow down and muscles relax.
Mainly beta.
Irregular respiration rate.
Characterised by: hypnic jerk.
if woken: not fully asleep.
```
85
what happens in stage 2 NREM? what does it feel like? how long? waking? HR, RR, muscles? brain waves? characteristics? what is reported if woken? BT? how much of sleep?
Sleep depends but still light.
Heart rate and breathing continue to slow.
Muscles continue to relax.
Body temperature decreases.
Relatively easy to wake.
20-30 minutes.
About 50% of sleep.
Characteristics: sleep spindles and k complexes.
Beta and sleep spindles and k complexes detected.
If woken: not fully asleep, hear loud external stimuli.
86
what happens in stage 3 NREM? what does it feel like? how long? waking? HR, RR, muscles? brain waves? characteristics? what is reported if woken?
```
3-10 minutes
Deeper sleep.
Slow wave sleep.
Theta and some delta.
Much harder to wake.
Slow regular HR and RR, relaxed.
Characteristics: beginning of slow-wave sleep, appearance of delta waves.
If woken: being asleep, less affected by loud noises.
```
87
what happens in stage 4 NREM? what does it feel like? how long? waking? HR, RR, muscles? brain waves? characteristics? what is reported if woken?
```
20-30 minutes.
Shortens as night progresses.
Very difficult to wake.
Will be disoriented for several minutes on waking.
Deepest sleep.
Mainly delta.
Low BT and HR.
Characteristic: sleep drunkenness (disorientated).
If woken: being asleep.
```
88
what stages have sleep walking and night terrors? when is sleep talking?
Stage 3/4 have sleepwalking and night terrors.
| Sleep talking in any stage.
89
what are sleep spindles and k complexes?
Sleep spindles: short bursts of high frequency brain waves, an irregular pattern of brain wave activity.
K-complexes: high amplitude brain waves.
90
when does REM occur? what do eyes do? what is it known as? can dreams occur? how long can it last? when does dreaming occur? what type of sleep is it? brain waves? characteristics? if woken what is reported?
At the end of the first cycle of sleep.
Eyeballs move in a rapid, jerky way.
Known as paradoxical sleep: body is mobile but inside it is highly active (could be awake).
During REM dreams occur and they increase in frequency as the night progresses.
Vital for restoring mind and is important in the consolidation and storage of memories.
Initially it may last for a couple of minutes, at end of night can be an hour.
First cycle of rem does not have dreaming- cycles 2-5 do.
Deep sleep.
Irregular, beta-like waves, irregular RR, muscles still, HR and BT increase.
Characteristics: paradoxical sleep.
If woken: dreaming
91
compare REM and NREM on eyes, brain waves, physiological arousal, muscles, dreams, duration, purpose and percentage of total sleep
```
NREM REM
Non-rapid eye movements rapid, jerky
Alpha to delta Beta-like
Decreases Increases
Hypnic jerks and some small movements Atonia- muscle paralysis
Not common Common
Decreases a the night progresses Increases as the night progresses
Restores the body Restores the mind
80% 20%
```
92
how much time are newborns asleep? percentage in REM and NREM?
16
| 50/50
93
how much time are infants asleep? percentages?
12-15
| 60/40
94
how much time are children asleep? Percentages?
10-13
| 70/30
95
how much time are adolescence asleep? percentages?
9-10
| 80/20
96
how much time are adults asleep? percentages?
7-9
| 80/20
97
how much time are the elderly asleep? percentages?
6-7
| 80/20
98
what causes sleep-wake shift in teenagers? what does it cause?
Melatonin is released later, internal clock moves 1-2 hours forward.
Sleepier 1-2 hours later.
Called sleep-wake cycle sleep.
School and work do not let them catch up on sleep.
Sleep accumulates into sleep-debt- sleep that needs to be made-up later.
Often sleep longer on the weekend.
99
what does the sleep restoration theory state?
Sleep is time to recover from depleting activities during the day.
100
according to the restoration theory, what is NREM sleep important for? when does it occur?
NREM: important in restoring the body (tissue, growth, recovery from fatigue).
Mostly in stages 3/4.
Spend longer in deep sleep when restoration is needed.
101
according to the restoration theory, what is REM important for? what happens if it is interrupted?
REM: important in restoring the mind (brain development, memory consolidation and learning).
If interrupted peoples can suffer loss of concentration and irritability.
102
according to the restoration theory, what is REM rebound?
REM Rebound: following a lost period, more time is spent in REM when next asleep.
103
what is evidence for the restoration theory?
Evidence for theory
Sleep is a period of physiological rest: relaxes muscles, HR, RR and neural activity. Growth hormone for repair is secreted.
Athletes who have run 92km have more deep sleep in the 2 nights after.
Prolonged sleep derivation results in break down of tissues and tissues do not heal and death within three weeks in rats.
104
what is evidence against the restoration theory?
Evidence against theory
Research has not conclusively established what is restored, repaired and revitalised.
Has not been established that restoration is the only function of sleep
Physically disabled people in bed, should sleep less than a physically able person but they don’t.
105
what is the evolutionary theory? names?
AKA: circadian theory, adaptive theory or survival theory.
Sleep evolved to enhance survival by making it inactive when it is dangerous to be out.
Once all daytime needs have been met (eating, drinking, reproducing) it will conserve energy and sleep.
Time spent sleeping changes by needs.
Amount of sleep also depends on availability of food, how they can hide and how vulnerable they are.
106
what is evidence for the evolutionary theory?
Evidence for theory
An animal’s time asleep depends on how much time it needs to get food, how it can hide and vulnerability.
Large animals that are vulnerable tend to sleep little.
Large predatory animals sleep a lot.
Humans sleep at night because they need vision to find food.
Not all adapted to the night- food and predators.
107
what is evidence against the evolutionary theory?
Evidence against theory
Does not explain need to sleep and why we will sleep eventually even if we cant environmentally.
When asleep we lose alertness and awareness- more danger.
108
what are circadian phase disorders? what are examples?
Disruptions to normal sleep-wake cycles.
A group of sleep disorders involving sleep disruption that is primarily due to a mismatch between an individual’s sleep-wake pattern and the one that is required or desired.
Cannot sleep when they are expected to.
adolescent sleep-wake cycle shift, shift work and jet lag
109
what happens in adolescent sleep-wake cycle shifts and what is sleep debt?
Sleep-wake cycle shift: during adolescence, hormones shift body clock forward by an hour or two- sleepy 1-2 hours later.
Melatonin at night (induces sleepiness) and cortisol (encourages alertness) in the day are delayed (internal factors).
Get sleep debt.
Sleep debt: accumulated sleep loss that is owed and needs to be made up. Causes symptoms of sleep deprivation.
110
what does shift work do?
Disrupts sleep-wake cycle.
Cannot adjust sufficiently leads to sleep deprivation.
Decision making may be impaired- danger.
Body is designed to sleep best at night and work best at day.
Night shift work can cause sleep problems.
Accumulate sleep debt and struggle to adjust when juggling life.
111
what are the most difficult shift-work adjustments to make? what types of shifts are better?
change too quickly from one rotation to another (7 or 3 days harder than 3 weeks).
Short periods on each shift.
Successively earlier.
Short periods off between rotations.
Work rosters with rotating shifts have higher frequency of disturbances than rosters with fixed schedules.
112
what shifts are better and what does shift work disorder cause?
Successively later shifts work better- new shift is later in the day.
Shift work sleep disorder: excessively sleepy at work, not sleepy at home, insomnia.
113
what is jet lag? what are symptoms? how is sensitivity changed? what is more or less disruptive? when does it end?
Jet lag: disturbance to circadian sleep cycle caused by travel across time zones.
Mismatch between internal circadian clock and environment because of insufficient time to adjust.
Temporary, clock needs to be reset.
Symptoms: difficulties sleeping and maintaining sleep, excessive sleepiness, reduced daytime alertness, impaired concentration and cognitive performance, digestive problems.
sensitivity: depend on Time zones crossed, direction, time of arrival and departure, sleep timing, duration and quality of flight, personal characteristics.
More disruptive: easterly travel- shortens sleep-wake cycle, called phase-advance and runs countervto the cycle’s tenancy to drift longer. Needs more adjustment.
Less disruptive: travel westerly in phase-delay when day is lengthened in accordance to body’s tendency.
North and south are ok if there is no more than 1-2 hours change.
Generally reduce after 2-3 days.
114
what are influencers on jet lag adjustment?
exposure to light in first days following travel.
Being active.
Eating meals and sleeping at appropriate times.
115
what happens to routine travellers?
experience chronic, longer-lasting term sleep disturbances, daytime performance impairments and symptoms similar to shift workers.
116
how should jet lag be overcome?
eat and sleep at appropriate times.
| Arrival at daytime and spending time outside can speed up adjustment and get clock reset.
117
what is sleep deprivation?
Going without sleep.
118
what is partial sleep deprivation?
having less than the normal amount of sleep (quantity or quality).
119
what is total sleep deprivation?
no sleep at all.
120
what happens if you miss sleep? short and long term
Not bad to miss 1 or 2 nights.
Will catch up over next night or two.
If extended it can seriously impact health, even death.
121
what happens if REM is lost?
linked with psychological wellbeing.
Consolidation cannot occur.
interrupt release of neurotransmitters which control mood- grumpy, sad etc.
122
what happens if NREM is lost?
associated with physiological wellbeing.
| Cannot replenish and restore.
123
what diseases can come from sleep deprivation?
diseases such as obesity, diabetes and various cardiovascular diseases,
124
what is REM rebound?
REM rebound (extra amounts of REM next time asleep) to compensate for loss of REM.
125
what are affective symptoms of partial sleep deprivation?
Affective symptoms of partial sleep deprivation
Easily irritated
Reduced control of emotions
Emotional outburst and exaggerated emotional responses
Difficulty judging other’s emotions
Reduced empathy
Harder to control impulses especially REM deprivation
Being REM sleep deprived is worse on emotions than NREM
126
what are behavioural symptoms of partial sleep deprivation?
Behavioural symptoms of partial sleep deprivation
More likely to occur when waking from stages 3 and 4
Reaction time decreases
Excessive sleepiness- need to catch up on sleep debt
Difficulty in maintaining alertness
Lack of energy and tiredness
Micro-sleeps: brief periods of sleep, a few seconds
Hand tremors
Increased sensitivity to pain
Body temperature drops
Immune system drops
Clumsy
127
what are cognitive symptoms of partial sleep deprivation?
Cognitive symptoms of particle sleep deprivation
Impaired
Poor attention
Reduced alertness and decreased focus
Lapses in selective and divided attention
More trouble completing simple and monotonous tasks
Irrational thinking
Problems with decision making and problem solving
Impairment in memory and learning
groggy, disorientated as they transition to alertness.
128
what is dyssomnia?
sleep disorders that produce difficulty initiating, maintaining and or timing sleep. eg. Sleep-onset insomnia and circadian phase disorders.
129
how many people have insomnia?
5-10% of adults have a persistent insomnia disorder.
130
what is insomnia?
sleep disorder typically involving persistent difficulty initiating or maintaining sleep.
131
what does insomnia do?
Affects quality and quantity of sleep.
Creates sleep debt.
Suffer psychological and physiological effects of sleep deprivation.
132
what is sleep onset insomnia?
sleep disorder involves persistent difficulty falling asleep at the usual time. Can usually maintain sleep after they have fallen asleep.
133
what are symptoms of sleep-onset insomnia?
Regular failure to fall asleep 20-30 minutes after intending to.
Complaint of poor sleep.
Do not feel rested.
Consistently reduced amount of total sleep.
At least 3 times a week.
For at least 3 months.
Occurs despite adequate time and opportunity to sleep.
Independent of other sleep disorders.
Independent of effects of substances.
Causes impairment to daily functioning.
134
what affects does sleep-onset insomnia have on the sleep-wake cycle?
Sleep-wake times are later than wanted.
Less total sleep.
Quality is poor and non-restorative.
135
what is parasomnia?
sleep disorder involving the occurrence of inappropriate physiological and or psychological during sleep or sleep-to-wake transitions.
136
name of sleep walking? when is it most common? how many adults do it? what stages of sleep does it occur in? what cycles does it occur in? how long can it be? is it remembered? how long does it take for full consciousness?
Common in childhood.
Begins 7 ends 15.
Longer they sleep walk, greater chance to continue into adulthood.
1-5% adults sleep walk.
Occurs during stages 3 and 4.
Usually early in sleep- first 2-3 cycles.
Can occur in lighter NREM sleep where there is higher arousal.
Usually a few minutes but can be one hour.
Rarely remembered.
Can be woken and should be if at risk.
Can be hard to wake (deep sleep) so can be 20 mins to return to full consciousness.
137
what does CBT involve? what can it treat? what does it assume? how long would a program last? how does it work?
Combines cognitive and behavioural therapies to treat medical health problems and disorders.
Can treat insomnia.
Assumes behaviour is because of how we think- change thoughts, change behaviour.
Structured program that is 6-8weeks and focused on changing thoughts, feelings and behaviours.
Can change thoughts about not being able to sleep.
Identify negative thoughts and feelings and make them more positive to help sleep.
Addresses behaviours- good sleeping habits- regular sleep-wake times, no naps at day, healthy diet, exercising, avoiding screens before bed and avoiding stimulants such as caffeine.
138
what is the cognitive part of CBT?
Cognitive CBT
Recognise negative or wrong thoughts
Address anxiety or preoccupation and learn how to control thoughts
139
what is the behavioural part of CBT?
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Behavioural CBT
Good habits
Stimulus control therapy
Sleep hygiene
Bright light therapy
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140
what is bright light therapy? what does it do? what does it fix?
involves exposure of eyes to intense but safe amounts of light.
Adjusts sleep-wake cycle to desired schedule.
May be due to circadian phase disorders.
Feel sleepy- makes alert.
15 mins- 2 hours watch it a day.
Early morning for adolescence.
evening for shift night worker.
