Mental Wellbeing Flashcards
what is the WHO definition of mental health?
a state of wellbeing in which an individual realises his or her own ability, can cope with the normal stressors of life, can work productively and is able to make a contribution to his or her community.
- Sense of wellbeing, confidence in abilities, good self-esteem
- Can enjoy others and their lives and environment
what are characteristics of mental health?
Individual realises their own abilities, can cope with normal stressors of life, can work productively and is able to contribute to community -Can use abilities to reach potential Cope -Work productively Contribute -Form positive relationships -Think logically and clearly -Manage feelings and emotions -Experience pleasure and enjoyment -Few sleep difficulties -Physically and socially active
what are characteristics of a mental health problem?
Affects the way people think, feel and behave but to a lessor extent and for less time than a disorder
- Mild to moderate stress
- Difficulty coping
- Changes to sleep patterns and appetite
- Loss of energy
- Difficulty concentrating
- Temporary impairment
- Forgetful
- Feel things are ‘different’
- Socially withdraw
- Less control of emotions
what are characteristics of a mental disorder?
Thoughts, feelings and behaviours that are associated with distress and impair ability to function. Stressors may have become too much.
- Psychological disfunction
- Ongoing impairment
- Excessive anxiety
- Significant change in sleep and appetite
- Social withdrawal and avoidance
what does the biopsychosocial framework show?
Internal and external factors are organised
Shows biological, psychological and social factors
How these factors combine and interact to create a state of wellbeing
holistic view of mental health
Focus is not just on mental condition but social setting and circumstances
what are internal factors? what are they according to the biopsychosocial framework?
Internal factors: originate within a person
- Biological or psychological
- biological: physical influences that are not under conscious control
- Psychological factors: influences are associated with mental processes
what are external factors? what are they according to the biopsychosocial framework?
External factors: originate outside a person.
-Social
what are psychological factors of the biopsychosocial framework?
Thoughts Ways of thinking Beliefs and attitudes Personality Learning and memory Perceptions Emotions Coping skills Psychological response to stress
what are biological factors of the biopsychosocial model?
Genes Gender NT and neurons Response to medication Substance use Brain function Hormones Immune system Physiological response to stress
what are social factors of the biopsychosocial model?
Relationships Social support Lifestyle Attachment External stressors Health care Stigma Income Education Attachment External stressors Violebce Lack of human rights Environment Culture
what are the characteristics of a mentally healthy person?
high level functioning, high levels of social and emotional wellbeing, resilience to life stressors
what is high level functioning? characteristics of a mentally healthy person
How a person can adapt in: Relationships school/work Leisure Daily living skills Cognitive skills Emotions
Tend to have high coping flexibility Function independently Engage and cooperate Maintain relationships Emotionally stable
what is high levels o social and emotional wellbeing? characteristics of a mentally healthy person
Social wellbeing: Can have satisfying relationships with others Develop and maintain relationships Socially interact in appropriate ways Respect others Resolve conflict Feel confident alone or with others
Emotional wellbeing: Can control emotions and express them appropriately and confidently Develop awareness of emotions Regulate emotions Empathise Accept mistakes and learn Manage stress reactions using coping Take responsibility for actions
what is resilience to life stressors? characteristics of mentally healthy people
Can adapt and cope with stressors to restore functioning
Have communication skills
Have emotional understanding
Have social competence
Have problem-solving skills
Have a sense of confidence and belief in themselves
why are ethics difficult with mental illnesses?
Participants are vulnerable
Impaired psychological functioning which is difficult for giving consent
why are informed consent forms difficult with mental illnesses?
A person must have competence or an understanding to give consent.
Seek a time when the mental disorder is not interfering with their capacity to give consent.
Consent can be given by guardian or next of kin.
Participant either way must be informed.
what is a placebo?
a substance that loos real but is neutral. When taking a placebo, a placebo effect may occur.
what is the placebo effect?
changes in behaviour due to a belief that placebo is causing changes. To control placebo effects a single-bling procedure is used.
what is a single-blind procedure?
participant is unaware of what group they are in.
what is a double-blind procedure?
both experimenter and participants are unaware of groups. No experimenter effects.
why are placebos difficult with mental illness?
To take placebo, normal medication must be stopped which leaves people vulnerable to episodes and harm.
Placebo must also be debriefed at the end.
what are factors that contribute to the development and progression of mental health disorders?
4P factors model
predisposing risk factor, precipitating risk factors, perpetuating risk factors, protective risk factors
what are predisposing risk factors? eg?
Predisposing risk factor: increase susceptibility. Occur during conception or early in life.
Genetics
Poor self-efficacy
Disorganised attachment
what are precipitating risk factors? eg?
Precipitating risk factors: increases susceptibility to a disorder. Commonly known as triggers. Occur shortly before the development.
Poor sleep and substance use
Stress
Loss of significant relationship
what are perpetuating risk factors? examples?
Perpetuating risk factors: maintains the occurrence of a specific mental disorder and inhibits recovery.
Poor response to medication due to genes
Rumination and impaired reasoning and memory
Stigma as a barrier to treatment
what are protective risk factors? egs?
Protective risk factor: reduces or prevents the occurrence or reoccurrence of a mental disorder.
Adequate diet and sleep
Cognitive behaviour strategies
Support from friends and family
according to the biopsychosocial approach’s types of risk factors, what are the types of risk factors?
biological
- genetic vulnerability
- poor response to medication
- poor sleep
- substance use
psychological risk factors
- rumination
- impaired reasoning and memory
- stress
- poor self efficacy
social risk factors
- disorganised attachment
- loss of relationships
- stigma as a barrier
cumulative risk
what is genetic vulnerability? what are examples?
Genetic Vulnerability to Specific Disorders
Inheriting genes may increase risk.
Genetic vulnerability: having a risk for developing a mental disorder due to one or more factors associated with genetic inheritance.
Mental disorders are most prevalent in those who have a relative with one.
One parent with schizophrenia: 17% chance of getting it.
Both parents: 48%
Do not directly cause the disorder.
what is poor response to medication due to genetic factors? and an example.
medication used to treat disorders.
Some have side effects.
Poor response to medication: little to no reduction in symptoms.
45% people with depression, have poor response to anti-depressants.
genes affect absorption, distribution, metabolism or elimination.
age, sex, body eight, race, diet and other disorders or drugs also affect.
what is poor sleep? example
Can be risk factor that causes or develops it.
Could be the result of.
Insomnia common for people with depression.
what is substance use?
Consumption of drugs.
Can trigger onset of a disorder.
Mental disorder can cause abuse of substances.
what is rumination?
Repeatedly thinking about undesirable thoughts and feelings, without acting to change them.
Can prolong a mental disorder.
Can make depression more severe and impede recovery.
Struggle with problem solving.
what is impaired memory and reasoning? include probabilistic reasoning?
Illnesses can cause people to not think rationally.
Affect functioning and can prolong the illness.
Reasoning: goal-directed thinking on which conclusions are drawn from known or assumed knowledge.
Probabilistic reasoning is when a person makes a judgement on how likely something is to occur or be true.
With a disorder, they may jump to conclusions.
May also have delusions: fixed, false beliefs that are held with certainty despite lacking evidence.
Impaired reasoning can impair verbal fluency, language processing and interpretation of social situations.
Memory impairment is usually forgetfulness - bad if during an episode someone cannot provide information of themselves.
what is stress?
Level of stress and ability to cope contribute to development.
Major life events can help develop.
If a person is vulnerable, they might not need much stress to trigger.
what is poor self efficacy?
Self Efficacy: belief in their capacity to succeed in a situation or accomplish a task.
Low self-efficacy is a good predictor for low mental health.
Self efficacy is situation specific- high in some areas, low in others.
Low in many areas- vulnerable to stress and rumination which can help with development.
what is disorganised attachment and what is attachment? how can this help develop issues?
Attachment: emotional bond between an infant and the primary care giver. Most form a secure attachment which allow them to form positive relationships. Unhealthy attachment can lead to mental disorders.
Disorganised Attachment: inconsistent behaviour patterns in the presence of the caregiver. Child may act to the caregiver in an ambivalent or odd manner.
Behaviour characteristics:
Contradictory behaviour patterns
Undirected, misdirected, incomplete and interrupted movements.
Asymmetrical movements, mistimed movements, anomalous postures
Freezing, stilling and slowed movements and expressions
Apprehension regarding parent
Disorganisation or disorientation.
Difficult to have close relationships or open up.
Poor trust and stress management.
compare heathy secure attachment and disorganised attachment?
Healthy Secure Attachment More skilled in reading emotions More emotional control More emotionally resilient Able to adjust and recover from stressful and upsetting events Parent is a source of comfort and safety. Good self-esteem. Seek social support Trust Long relationships. Comfortable sharing feelings.
Disorganised Attachment
More likely to have elevated levels of aggression at 2.
Higher rate of disruption behaviour at 5.
Impulsive and have difficulty regulating emotions.
Less trust.
Struggle parenting.
Hard to have relationships.
Hard to manage stress and emotions.
World is seen as unsafe.
Harder to share feelings.
