Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Psych 202 > States of Consciousness > Flashcards

States of Consciousness Flashcards

1
Q

What did William James discuss about consciousness? He discussed a continuous “stream of consciousness” where each moment flows to the next

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What did Sigmund Freud believe about consciousness? He believed the unconscious was a hiding place for our most anxiety-provoking ideas and emotions

A

and uncovering those hidden thoughts could lead to healing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What was the history of consciousness studies? The study of consciousness was abandoned for behaviorism

A

but it later rebounded with neuroscience linking brain activity to consciousness and cognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is consciousness? It is our awareness of ourselves and our environment

A

part of the dual processing of our two-track minds

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is hypnosis? A social interaction where one person suggests to another that certain perceptions

A

feelings

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are altered states of consciousness? States such as daydreaming

A

sleeping

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is post-hypnotic suggestion? A suggestion made during hypnosis to be carried out after the subject is no longer hypnotized

A

used to help control undesired symptoms and behaviors

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What is hypnotherapy? The use of hypnosis to produce a relaxed state of focused attention in which the patient may be more willing to act on suggestions

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is dissociation in the context of hypnosis? It is a split in consciousness that allows some thoughts and behaviors to occur simultaneously with others

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What theory did Ernest Hilgard propose about hypnosis? He believed hypnosis involves not only social influences but also a special state of dissociation

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What is the divided-consciousness theory of hypnosis? It is the theory that during hypnosis

A

our consciousness splits so that one part of consciousness is unaware of the role others are playing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is the social influence theory of hypnosis? It suggests that subjects comply with a social role because they want to be hypnotized and expect it to work

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What does the biopsychosocial approach to hypnosis include? It includes biological

A

psychological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the circadian rhythm? It is the 24-hour day-night cycle that impacts sleep-wake cycles

A

temperature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does the circadian rhythm affect the body? Body temperature rises and dips at certain times of the day

A

affecting thinking and memory as we approach daily peaks in arousal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

How do you research sleep? Using an electroencephalograph (EEG) to record brain wave activity during sleep

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What are alpha waves? Slow brain waves observed during a relaxed

A

awake state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is NREM sleep? Non-rapid eye movement sleep

A

encompassing all stages except REM sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is REM sleep? A recurring sleep stage where vivid dreams commonly occur

A

also known as paradoxical sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What happens during NREM-1 sleep? You may experience hypnagogic sensations such as a sensation of falling or floating

A

occasionally accompanied by an arm or leg jerk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What are hypnagogic sensations? Life-like hallucinations that occur shortly after falling asleep

A

typically involving sensations of falling or floating

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What happens during NREM-2 sleep? You relax more deeply and enter a state of clearly asleep

A

with periodic sleep spindles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are sleep spindles? Short bursts of brain waves detected during NREM-2 sleep

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What happens during NREM-3 sleep? Your brain emits large slow delta waves

A

and it becomes difficult to awaken

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What are delta waves? Large

A

slow brain waves associated with deep sleep

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

What are the sleep stages? A sequence of stages: awake

A

NREM-1

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What happens when studying REM sleep? Using EEG

A

researchers observe rapid eye movements and saw-toothed brain waves

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What physiological events occur during REM sleep? Heart rate rises

A

breathing becomes irregular

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

How does aging affect sleep? Sleep becomes more fragile with more frequent awakenings in older adults

A
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

What environmental factors affect sleep? Electric lighting

A

shift work

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

What is the role of the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN)? It controls circadian rhythm by adjusting melatonin production in response to light

A

modifying feelings of sleepiness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

What happens to the SCN during the day? Light signals the SCN to suppress melatonin production

A

reducing sleepiness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

What happens to the SCN at night? The SCN quiets down

A

allowing the pineal gland to release melatonin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

What are the functions of sleep? Sleep serves protection

A

recuperation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

How does sleep protect us? Sleeping at night helped our ancestors avoid dangers

A

leading to evolutionary sleep habits

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

How does sleep help in recuperation? It restores the immune system and brain tissue

A

providing resting neurons time to repair

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

How does sleep aid in restoration and rebuilding? Sleep consolidates memories by replaying recent learning and strengthening neural connections

A
38
Q

How does sleep benefit creative thinking? Dreams have inspired great ideas

A

and sleep boosts insightful thinking and learning

39
Q

How does sleep support growth? During slow-wave sleep

A

the pituitary gland releases growth hormone necessary for muscle development

40
Q

What are the consequences of sleep loss? Sleep loss can lead to conflicts in relationships

A

depression

41
Q

How does sleep loss affect physical health? Sleep deprivation suppresses immune cells

A

increasing the risk of viral infections and cancer

42
Q

What are the cognitive effects of sleep loss? Decreased ability to focus

A

process memories

43
Q

How does sleep loss affect the immune system? It reduces the production of immune cells

A

increasing the risk of viral infections

44
Q

What effect does sleep loss have on fat cells? It increases fat cell production

A

leading to a greater risk of obesity

45
Q

How does sleep loss affect the joints? It increases inflammation

A

which can lead to arthritis

46
Q

What effect does sleep loss have on the heart? Sleep deprivation increases the risk of high blood pressure

A
47
Q

How does sleep loss affect the stomach? It increases the production of ghrelin (hunger hormone) and decreases leptin (hunger-suppressing hormone)

A
48
Q

How does sleep loss affect muscles? It reduces strength

A

slows reaction time

49
Q

What is insomnia? A condition where individuals experience ongoing difficulty falling or staying asleep

A

leading to chronic tiredness

50
Q

What is narcolepsy? A condition where individuals experience sudden attacks of overwhelming sleepiness

A

often leading to falling asleep at inappropriate times

51
Q

What is sleep apnea? A disorder characterized by slopping breathing during sleep

A

leading to fatigue and depression

52
Q

What is sleepwalking and sleeptalking? Conditions where individuals perform normal activities while asleep

A

common in young children

53
Q

What are night terrors? Sudden

A

terrifying episodes that occur during NREM-3 sleep

54
Q

What is Freud’s theory of dreams? He believed that dreams satisfy unconscious wishes and that their manifest content is a symbolic representation of latent content

A
55
Q

What is manifest content in Freud’s dream theory? The remembered storyline of a dream

A
56
Q

What is latent content in Freud’s dream theory? The underlying meaning of a dream

A
57
Q

What is the information-processing theory of dreams? It suggests that dreams help us sort out daily events and consolidate memories

A
58
Q

What is the physiological function theory of dreams? It proposes that dreams serve a physiological function

A

providing the brain with stimulation during REM sleep

59
Q

What is the activation-synthesis theory of dreams? It suggests that dreams are the brain’s attempt to synthesize random neural activity during REM sleep

A
60
Q

What is the cognitive development theory of dreams? It views dreams as part of brain maturation

A

overlapping with waking cognition and simulating reality

61
Q

What is REM rebound? It is the tendency for REM sleep to increase following deprivation of REM sleep

A
62
Q

What is a psychoactive drug? A chemical substance that alters perceptions and moods

A
63
Q

What is substance abuse disorder? It is characterized by continued substance use despite significant disruption to life or physical risk

A
64
Q

What is tolerance? The diminishing effect of a drug with regular use

A

requiring larger doses for the same effect

65
Q

What is addiction? A chronic disease characterized by an inability to abstain

A

impaired behavior control

66
Q

What is withdrawal? The discomfort and distress experienced after discontinuing the use of an addictive drug

A
67
Q

What are the major categories of psychoactive drugs? Depressants

A

stimulants

68
Q

What are depressants? Drugs that reduce neural activity and slow body functions

A

such as alcohol

69
Q

What is alcohol’s effect on the brain? It disrupts the action of GABA and glutamate neurotransmitters

A

affecting memory and motor coordination

70
Q

How does alcohol affect memory? It disrupts memory formation and suppresses REM sleep

A

which is necessary for memory consolidation

71
Q

What are expectancy effects? The influence of others’ expectations on an individual’s self-perception and behavior

A
72
Q

What are barbiturates? Drugs that depress the central nervous system

A

reducing anxiety but impairing memory and judgment

73
Q

What are opiates? Opium and its derivatives

A

such as morphine and heroin

74
Q

What is opiate addiction? Repeated use of opiates leads the brain to stop producing endorphins

A

resulting in withdrawal symptoms when opiates are removed

75
Q

What are stimulants? Drugs that excite neural activity and speed up body functions

A

such as caffeine

76
Q

What benefits do stimulants have? They increase alertness

A

aid weight loss

77
Q

What is nicotine? A highly addictive psychoactive drug found in tobacco that stimulates the central nervous system

A
78
Q

How does nicotine affect the brain? It reaches the brain within 7 seconds

A

increasing blood levels quickly

79
Q

What is cocaine? A powerful and addictive stimulant derived from the coca plant that temporarily increases alertness and euphoria

A
80
Q

How does cocaine affect neural transmission? It blocks the reuptake of dopamine

A

norepinephrine

81
Q

What is methamphetamine? A highly addictive drug that stimulates the central nervous system

A

speeding up body functions and affecting energy and mood

82
Q

What is the effect of methamphetamine on dopamine? It reduces baseline dopamine levels over time

A
83
Q

What is Ecstasy (MDMA)? A synthetic drug that acts as a stimulant and mild hallucinogen

A

producing euphoria and social intimacy but with risks to mood and cognition

84
Q

How does Ecstasy affect the body? It releases stored serotonin and blocks its reuptake

A

leading to dehydration

85
Q

What are hallucinogens? Psychedelic drugs

A

such as LSD

86
Q

What are hallucinations? Perceptions of sensory experiences that do not have an external source

A
87
Q

What are near-death experiences? Altered states of consciousness following a close brush with death

A

often similar to drug-induced hallucinations

88
Q

What is LSD? A powerful hallucinogenic drug also known as acid

A

which causes intense “trips”

89
Q

What is marijuana? A mild hallucinogen that produces relaxation and a euphoric high

A

with THC being the active ingredient

90
Q

What is THC? The psychoactive ingredient in marijuana

A

which triggers various effects including mild hallucinations

Psych 202 (7 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions