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Psych 202 > Psychology and Its History > Flashcards

Psychology and Its History Flashcards

1
Q

What is the belief of Socrates and Plato regarding the mind?

A

The mind is separable from the body and continues after the body dies; knowledge is innate

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2
Q

What did Aristotle argue about the origin of knowledge?

A

Knowledge comes from observation; knowledge is NOT innate; we need data

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3
Q

Which philosopher agreed with Socrates and Plato and conducted dissections of animals?

A

René Descartes; he believed fluid in the brain flows through nerves to muscles, causing movement

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4
Q

Who is known as the founder of modern science and developed empiricism?

A

Francis Bacon

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5
Q

What does empiricism claim about the source of knowledge?

A

Knowledge originates in experience and that science should rely on observation and experimentation

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6
Q

According to John Locke, what is the state of the mind at birth?

A

The mind is a blank slate, also known as Tabula Rasa

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7
Q

What does Tabula Rasa mean in relation to John Locke’s view on the mind?

A

It is the idea that the mind at birth is a blank sheet, shaped by sense impressions and human reasoning

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8
Q

Which psychologist established the first psychology lab and measured “atoms of the mind”?

A

Wilhelm Wundt

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9
Q

What did Wundt’s experiment reveal about our conscious awareness of sensory stimuli?

A

It measured the time lag between hearing a ball drop and becoming consciously aware of it, which took 1/10th to 2/10th of a second

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10
Q

Who introduced structuralism and used introspection in psychological research?

A

Edward Bradford Titchener

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11
Q

How does structuralism approach the study of the mind?

A

By using introspection to explore the elemental structure of the human mind

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12
Q

What is introspection in psychological research?

A

A method of self-observation in which participants report their thoughts and feelings

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13
Q

Which naturalist influenced William James and promoted the concept of natural selection?

A

Charles Darwin; he emphasized adaptive evolution and the survival of traits

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14
Q

Which psychologist introduced functionalism and authored Principles of Psychology?

A

William James

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15
Q

What does functionalism assume about the purpose of body and mind structures?

A

It assumes that structures function the way they do for a purpose

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16
Q

Who was the first female president of the APA and a memory researcher?

A

Mary Whiton Calkins; she was also a student of William James

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17
Q

Which female psychologist was the first to earn a PhD in psychology and wrote The Animal Mind?

A

Margaret Floy Washburn; she was a student of Edward Titchener

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18
Q

What is the core belief of behaviorism?

A

Psychology should be an objective science, focusing on observable behavior rather than unseen mental processes

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19
Q

Which psychologist developed psychoanalysis and a personality theory?

A

Sigmund Freud

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20
Q

What does Freudian psychology emphasize about human behavior?

A

The influence of unconscious thought processes and emotional responses from childhood experiences

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21
Q

Who were the key figures in humanism, emphasizing personal growth and unconditional love?

A

Abraham Maslow and Carl Rogers

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22
Q

What is the focus of humanism in psychology?

A

It rejects both behaviorism and psychoanalytic psychology, instead studying potential and personal growth

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23
Q

What does psychology study?

A

The scientific study of behavior and mental processes

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24
Q

What is behavior in the context of psychology?

A

Observable actions of human beings and nonhuman animals

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25
Q

What are mental processes?

A

The thoughts, feelings, and motives that are experienced privately but cannot be observed directly

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26
Q

What did Charles Darwin argue about nature versus nurture in his book On the Origin of Species?

A

Traits and behaviors that provide a survival or reproductive advantage are naturally selected, supporting the nature argument

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27
Q

What does evolutionary psychology study?

A

The evolution of behavior and the mind, using principles of natural selection

28
Q

What does behavior genetics focus on?

A

The relative power and limits of genetic and environmental influences on behavior

29
Q

How do twin studies contribute to understanding nature vs nurture?

A

They provide evidence to be used in behavior genetics to study the influence of genetic and environmental factors

30
Q

What is culture in psychological terms?

A

Beliefs, customs, and traditions of a specific group of people

31
Q

How does culture impact psychological processes?

A

It influences perceptions of time, personal space, beliefs about marriage and sex, and emotional displays

32
Q

How is gender defined in psychology?

A

The biologically and socially influenced characteristics by which people define male and female

33
Q

What are some common gender differences studied in psychology?

A

How emotions are expressed or detected, what we dream about, and risk for psychological disorders

34
Q

What are examples of gender similarities?

A

Age of first steps, how we remember and forget, and overall intelligence and well-being

35
Q

What does positive psychology focus on?

A

The scientific study of optimal human functioning; it aims to discover and promote strengths and virtues that enable individuals and communities to thrive

36
Q

What is the biopsychosocial approach?

A

An integrated approach that incorporates biological, psychological, and social-cultural levels of analysis

37
Q

How does the behavioral perspective view human behavior?

A

It focuses on the role of learning in explaining observable behavior

38
Q

What does the biological perspective emphasize?

A

The influence of biology on behavior

39
Q

What does the cognitive perspective focus on?

A

Mental processes such as perception, memory, language, problem solving, and other areas of behavior

40
Q

What is cognitive psychology?

A

The scientific study of all the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating

41
Q

What is cognitive neuroscience?

A

The interdisciplinary study of the brain activity linked with cognition, including perception, thinking, memory, and language

42
Q

What does the evolutionary perspective examine?

A

The biological bases of universal mental characteristics shared by all humans

43
Q

What does the humanistic perspective assume about human behavior?

A

It assumes the existence of the self and emphasizes the importance of self-awareness and the freedom to make choices

44
Q

How does the psychodynamic perspective explain behavior?

A

It focuses on how behavior springs from unconscious drives and conflicts

45
Q

What does the social-cultural perspective focus on?

A

How behavior and thinking vary across situations and cultures

46
Q

What is the goal of basic research?

A

Pure science aimed at increasing the scientific knowledge base

47
Q

What is the purpose of applied research?

A

To solve practical problems through scientific study

48
Q

What do psychologists help with?

A

Guide people toward healthier relationships, help overcome anxiety and depression, and assist with coping with difficulties

49
Q

Which type of psychologists help people cope with life challenges and give psychological tests?

A

Counseling psychologists

50
Q

What do clinical psychologists do?

A

Assess and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral disorders; provide therapy and counseling; may conduct research

51
Q

How do clinical psychologists differ from psychiatrists?

A

Clinical psychologists hold a PhD or PsyD, whereas psychiatrists hold an MD and may prescribe drugs

52
Q

What do developmental psychologists study?

A

How behavior changes as we age; they may work in schools, daycare, or senior centers

53
Q

What do sports psychologists do?

A

Work with athletes to improve performance and consult for teams and athletes

54
Q

What do cognitive psychologists study?

A

Human thinking and problem-solving; they may work as professors or corporate consultants

55
Q

What do educational psychologists focus on?

A

How we learn in different environments, working in schools, universities, or designing teacher training

56
Q

What is the role of school psychologists?

A

They work with children in schools who are dealing with learning problems

57
Q

What do social psychologists study?

A

How we interact with others and how groups influence individual behavior

58
Q

What type of psychologists conduct experiments to understand behaviors and mental processes?

A

Experimental psychologists

59
Q

How do psychometric psychologists contribute to research?

A

They use math and statistics to create, administer, score, and interpret tests

60
Q

What do forensic psychologists do?

A

They combine law and psychology to develop public policy for the mentally ill, consult on jury selection, and help law enforcement

61
Q

What is the focus of environmental psychologists?

A

How we are influenced by and affect our natural or built surroundings

62
Q

What do health psychologists aim to promote?

A

Health and disease prevention

63
Q

What do neuropsychologists study?

A

How the brain impacts behavior and thoughts, and they may treat disorders like ADHD or concussions

64
Q

What is the role of rehabilitation psychologists?

A

To help individuals who have lost functioning after an illness or accident regain independence

65
Q

What do community psychologists focus on?

A

Working with larger groups and communities, particularly during crises, often in federal mental health departments

Psych 202 (7 decks)

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